Performance and comparison of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate in a Chinese Type 2 diabetic population.

AIMS: Our aim was to assess performances of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in Chinese diabetic populations and their association with vascular risks. METHODS: A total of 1009 patients with Type 2 diabetes were categorized into low estimated GFR groups (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and control groups by the two equations. The performances of these formulae were assessed at different stages of kidney function. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria were compared among the groups. The ability of these formulae to identify established vascular risk markers using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were also compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of low estimated GFR was 32.7% with the Cockcroft-Gault formula and 5.2% with the MDRD formula, respectively. In low estimated GFR subjects by the MDRD formula, IMT was significantly thicker than those by the Cockcroft-Gault formula (1.2 mm vs. 1.0 mm; P < 0.05), with a higher prevalence of albuminuria (78.4 vs. 52.8%, P < 0.05) and diabetic retinopathy (46.5 vs. 30.5%; P < 0.05). The Cockcroft-Gault formula gave a specificity of 71.7% and a sensitivity of 37.0%, and the MDRD formula gave a specificity of 96.6% and a sensitivity of 7.9% in estimating low GFR relevant for established vascular risks. CONCLUSIONS: These formulae performed differently in Chinese diabetic populations. The simplified MDRD formula is minimally superior to the Cockcroft-Gault formula for its high specificity and positive predictive values in estimating low GFR relevant for vascular risks.     

颊脂肪垫瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损中的应用

目的探讨颊脂肪垫瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用和效果.方法将颊脂肪垫形成一蒂在后方的颊脂肪垫组织瓣转移至缺损区,在无张力下与创缘缝合,表面轻轻用碘仿纱布缝线包压法固定.用以修复口腔颌面部的良恶性肿瘤手术或损伤留下的缺损以及口腔上颌窦瘘共18例.其中修复腭部缺损2例,上颌骨切除后缺损7例,颊黏膜癌切除后缺损3例,颊部良性肿瘤切除后缺损4例,磨牙后区黏表癌切除后缺损1例,封闭拔牙后口腔上颌窦瘘1例.结果术后10 d去除碘仿纱布,见颊脂肪垫轻度水肿,2～4周后水肿明显消退,颊脂肪垫表面逐渐上皮化,6～8周内表面完全上皮化,3个月后再生黏膜与正常口腔黏膜相似.全部病例效果满意,无感染、坏死等并发症发生.结论带蒂颊脂肪垫瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,方法简单、易行,效果满意,值得推广.     

Intraprostatic chemotherapy: distribution and transport mechanisms.

PURPOSE: The present study evaluated the tissue distribution and targeting advantage of intraprostatic chemotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied the delivery and spatial distribution of a fluorescent drug, doxorubicin, in the prostate of beagle dogs, after intraprostatic or i.v. administration. Drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and confocal fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: I.v. and intraprostatic injections yielded qualitatively and quantitatively different doxorubicin distribution in the prostate. A relatively homogeneous distribution was found after i.v. administration, whereas intraprostatic injection yielded a highly heterogeneous distribution with >10-fold higher concentrations localized in a cone-shaped glandular lobule bound by fibromuscular stroma, compared with other parts of the prostate. Compared with i.v. injection, intraprostatic injection yielded, on average, approximately 100-fold higher tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio, ranging from 963-fold near the injection site to 19-fold in the contralateral half of the prostate. The drug distribution within the prostate further suggests an important role for acinar flow in intraprostatic drug transport. CONCLUSIONS: Intraprostatic administration represents a viable option to deliver high drug concentrations within the prostate. The results further suggest the fibromuscular stroma separating the prostatic lobules as a major barrier to drug transport and convective flow as an important drug transport mechanism in the prostate.     

曼氏血吸虫与日本血吸虫交叉免疫原性的血清学实验研究

以曼氏血吸虫的虫卵和成虫免疫家兔后所产生的特异性抗体,可用以日本血吸虫虫卵、尾蚴和成虫为抗原分别进行的COP,CHR和ELACIEP测出,表明两种人体血吸虫存有显著的交叉抗原成分。应用此种血清交叉反应性,以检测抗异种人体血吸虫的抗体,似有效而可取的,可用以辅助诊断援外回国人员是否感染国外人体血吸虫病。     

Trade Herbal Products and Induction of CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 in Cultured Human Hepatocytes

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the dose‐dependent induction potential of six commonly used trade herbal products on CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 metabolic activities in cultured human hepatocytes. S‐mephenytoin and chlorzoxazone were used as specific CYP substrates, respectively, and rifampicin was used as a positive induction control for both enzymes. The hepatocytes were exposed to herbal extracts in increasing and biological relevant concentrations for 72 hrs and CYP substrate metabolites were quantified by validated HPLC methodologies. The major findings were that St John's wort was the most potent CYP‐modulating herb, showing a dose‐dependent induction/inhibition of both CYP2C19 and CYP2E1, with induction at low dosages and inhibition at higher. Ginkgo biloba showed an induction/inhibition profile towards CYP2C19 which was similar but weaker than that observed for St John's wort. If cooperative mechanisms are involved is still an open question. Common sage induced CYP2C19 in a log‐linear dose‐dependent manner with increasing concentrations. Common valerian was a weak inducer of CYP2C19, while horse chestnut and cone flower were characterized as non‐inducers of CYP2C19. Only St John's wort showed an inductive effect towards CYP2E1. In addition to St John's wort, Gingko biloba and common sage should be considered as possible candidates for clinically relevant drug‐herb interactions with selected CYP2C19 substrates.     

甲基强的松龙在脊髓型颈椎病围手术期不同用法的效果观察

目的:观察甲基强的松龙(MP)不同用法对脊髓型颈椎病患者术后神经功能的影响,探讨最佳用药方案。方法:选择2005年1月至2006年8月在我院脊柱外科手术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者83例,男48例、女35例;年龄35～65岁,平均52岁;前路减压手术65例,后路减压手术18例。将患者随机分为4组:A组,术中使用MP组(n=20),脊髓减压前30min静脉快速滴注MP1000mg;B组,术后使用MP组(n=23),即术中不使用,术后1h开始静脉滴注MP80mg,每日2次,连续使用5d;C组,术中、术后使用MP组(n=19),脊髓减压前30min静脉快速滴注MP1000mg;术后1h开始静脉滴注MP80mg,每日2次,连续使用5d;D组,空白对照组(n=21),术中、术后均不使用MP。术前和术后1d、2周、3个月分别用美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)评分标准对患者神经功能评分,记录应用MP的相关并发症发生情况。结果:术前各组患者ASIA评分无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后1d、2周和3个月时,A、C组ASIA评分较B、D组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组与C组、B组与D组的ASIA评分比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间并发症的发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:颈脊髓减压前30min快速静脉滴注MP1000mg能够显著改善脊髓型颈椎病患者术后近期的神经功能,术后小剂量应用MP则无明显改善效果。     

A quantitative evaluation of sealing ability of 4 obturation techniques by using a glucose leakage test.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of 4 different obturation techniques by using a glucose leakage test. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty extracted single-rooted maxillary incisors were selected for the study. The teeth were decoronated and the root canals prepared using ProFile rotary instruments to an apical dimension of size 40 (0.06 taper). The specimens were then randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 15) and filled with gutta-percha and sealer by using either cold lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction, Thermafil, or the E & Q Plus system. Another 10 teeth each served as the positive and negative controls. A glucose leakage model was used for quantitative evaluation of the coronal-to-apical microleakage at 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: No significant difference in the cumulative amount of leakage was found among the 4 groups at 24 hours and 1 week (Kruskal-Wallis test, P > .05). Lateral compaction showed significantly more leakage than the other 3 techniques at longer intervals (Mann-Whitney U test, P < .008). No significant difference was found between vertical compaction, Thermafil, and E & Q Plus at all observation times. CONCLUSIONS: Warm vertical compaction, Thermafil, and the E & Q Plus system showed a better sealing result than cold lateral compaction of gutta-percha at extended observation periods. The glucose leakage method used in this study was able to provide a nondestructive, quantitative, and long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of root canal fillings.     

磷酸钙水泥填充固定桡骨远端骨折的抗旋转生物力学研究

目的对磷酸钙水泥(CPC)填充固定桡骨远端骨折的抗旋转应力进行评价,并与传统的克氏针固定方法进行比较。方法18根人桡骨标本制备桡骨远端骨折伴骨缺损模型,随机分为三组:克氏针固定组、CPC固定组和CPC 克氏针联合固定组。设定扭转速度为5°／min,最大扭转角度为10°时停止。记录扭转刚度、10°内的最大扭矩及所对应的最大扭角。结果在10°的扭转范围内,CPC固定组、CPC 克氏针联合固定组的扭转刚度、最大扭矩均比克氏针固定组大,差异有统计学意义(P< 0．01);最大扭转角度分别为4．3°和5．0°,均比克氏针组(9．6°)小,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。CPC固定组与CPC 克氏针联合固定组之间的扭转刚度、最大扭矩及最大扭角差异无统计学意义(P> 0．05)。结论在旋转角度小于4°范围内,CPC的抗旋转固定强度要比克氏针大,超过这个范围,骨水泥就会发生断裂,CPC的有效固定范围比克氏针要小。     

脂质体包裹反义核酸对调控效果和降解时间的影响

目的 观察脂质体Dotap包裹反义脱氧寡核苷酸对酪氨酸酶(TYR)的调控效果和降解时间的影响,寻找适合于临床应用的高效转染、低降解率的载体和应用方法。方法 应用DNA合成仪合成针对TYR的反义脱氧寡核苷酸,32P标记、脂质体包埋,加入黑色素细胞培养体系进行点杂交,行黑素含量、酪氨酸酶mRNA表达量检测以及降解时间的同位素液闪检测。结果 经脂质体包埋的反义脱氧寡核苷酸使细胞黑素含量由(64±2.3)pg/cell下降至(23±1.5)pg/cell,并可使基因表达水平由160%降低至82%;同位素液闪显示经脂质体包埋的反义脱氧寡核苷酸能使其半衰期由8 h延长至12 h。结论 脂质体可以明显增强反义核酸的调控效果,并可延长其作用半衰期。     

周围神经端侧动脉套接后神经再生的研究

目的研究周围神经端侧动脉套接后神经再生的可能性及其特点. 方法取SD大鼠75只,在股骨中下段切断腓神经,将近断端逆转90度包埋于肌肉中.随机分为5组.A组:将截取的左颈总动脉套接于右侧正常胫神经侧方与腓总神经远端2 mm距离之间,缝合部胫神经外膜不予切除;B组:在胫神经套接部外膜开窗1.0 mm;C组:腓总神经切断14天后再予动脉套接,余同B组;D组:同B组,且于动脉套接部注入神经生长因子(neural growth factor, NGF)1 ml;E组:将腓总神经远端以端侧缝合形式直接缝合于胫神经的一侧,外膜开窗1.0 mm.术后4、8和12周分别行组织学、电镜和神经纤维计数等检查. 结果 4周时C、D及E组周边区域有神经纤维轴突和髓鞘再生,A组则无神经纤维生长; 8周时C、D及E组再生神经纤维较B组多,E组神经纤维较C、D组多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 12周时C、D及E组神经纤维多于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组及D组有较丰富的神经再生,与神经端侧直接吻合的E组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论神经端侧2 mm距离动脉套接可作为修复周围神经损伤的一种可行方法.