Is the smoking decision an 'informed choice'? Effect of smoking risk factors on smoking beliefs

The argument that people freely choose to smoke assumes that individuals at the point of initiation of smoking (often in adolescence) hold accurate beliefs about smoking. Smoking beliefs and the presence of known smoking risk factors were assessed in interviews with a sample of 895 urban young people. The respondents greatly overestimated the prevalence of adult and peer smoking, negative attitudes of their peers were greatly underestimated, a large proportion believed that they would be less likely than other people to contract a smoking-related illness if they became smokers, and there was a general lack of understanding of the adverse consequences experienced upon smoking cessation. These misperceptions were more common among youngsters who were smokers, who intended to smoke, or who had friends or family members who smoked. Because misinformation among young people is widespread and those at greatest risk for smoking are the most misinformed, the tobacco industry's argument that the decision to smoke reflects an "informed choice" is without merit.     

Pseudosickling of hemoglobin Setif

Hemoglobin Setif produces pseudosickling of red cells in vitro; the nature of the process and the conditions that "trigger" it are unknown. Studies of red cells, hemolysates, purified hemoglobin solutions, and artificial mixtures of Hb A and Setif suggest that pseudosickling is produced by intracellular crystallization of insoluble hemoglobin. Increased tonicity of the suspending medium accentuates the process, probably by causing a rise in intracellular hemoglobin concentration. If precipitates from A/Setif mixtures are analyzed, they always contain Hb A, suggesting an unusual mechanism for the process. Despite the fact that osmolality in the renal medulla is similar to that which produces pseudosickling in vitro, carriers do not have renal dysfunction of the type found in patients with sickle cell disease.     

Impact of Anesthesiologist Experience on Early Outcomes in Adult Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

BackgroundLiver transplantation is a complex surgical procedure. The experience of the anesthesiologist, and its potential relationship to patient morbidity and mortality, is yet to be determined. We sought to explore this possible association using our institutional training patterns as the subject of study.MethodsThis is a single center retrospective analysis investigating the association of an anesthesiologist's experience with liver transplantation and its potential effect on early patient outcomes in adult liver transplant recipients from January 2010 to September 2016. Training of team members consisted of a 6-month period of clinical shadowing with a senior anesthesiologist and co-staffing 8 liver transplant procedures before solo staffing a liver transplant. Specifically, patient outcomes for the first 5 transplants after this training were investigated.ResultsThe only independent risk factor for early death or early graft loss was the amount of packed red blood cells administered during transplantation. With respect to secondary outcomes, the amount of packed red blood cells and hospitalization at the time of transplant were associated with the number of days on a ventilator, length of intensive care unit stay, and overall hospital length of stay.ConclusionsThe results of this study conclude that the training model currently in place for our new team members has no negative impact on patient outcomes after liver transplantation.     

Regulation of natural antibiotic expression by inflammatory mediators and mimics of infection in human endometrial epithelial cells

The natural antibiotic molecules, beta-defensins 1 and 2 (HBD1/2) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), have an important role in mucosal defence and are present in the uterus. This study details their regulation in primary endometrial epithelial cells and in two endometrial cell lines (MFE/HES). Cells were treated with proinflammatory molecules and mimics of infection [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)]. mRNA for HBD1, HBD2 and SLPI was detected in primary endometrial epithelial cells using real-time quantitative PCR. HBD1 mRNA was present at very low levels preventing conclusive study of its regulation. However, HBD2 mRNA expression was increased by interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1beta alone and IL-1beta+tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. SLPI mRNA was not affected by proinflammatory mediators, although protein levels fell in the presence of IL-1beta+TNFalpha. LPS had little effect on antimicrobial expression. However, there was a trend towards increased expression with LTA treatment for 4-8 h. Antimicrobial expression in endometrial cell lines was similar to that in primary cells, although SLPI was increased by IL-1beta+TNFalpha treatment. These results suggest that in endometrium some natural antibiotics (e.g. SLPI) may be constitutively expressed providing a basal level of protection, while others (e.g. HBD2) are inducible allowing maximal antimicrobial activity during infection. Natural antimicrobials will have an important role in endometrium in protecting against infection.     

Phase II evaluation of esorubicin (4′ deoxydoxorubicin) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A Southwest Oncology Group study

Summary Esorubicin (4 deoxydoxorubicin) is a new analogue of the anthracycline, doxorubicin. This compound lacks the hydroxyl group at 4 position on the amino sugar of the anthracycline. Phase II study was designed to determine the clinical response rate and to define the qualitative and quantitative toxicities of esorubicin in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Fifty-eight patients with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were entered on the study, 47 were evaluable for response, and 57 were evaluable for toxicity. The dose of esorubicin was 30 mg/m² for good risk patients and 25 mg/m² for poor risk patients every 21 days and administered IV push through a side arm of a running IV. Diphenhydramine, 50 mg is administered IM prior to the administration of the drug to block local venous reaction. Subsequent doses of esorubicin were modified according to granulocyte and platelet nadirs and the drug was not administered until recovery of platelets (> 100,000/ul) and wbc (> 3000/ul). Three partial responses, 20 stable, and 31 with increased disease were observed. Forty-seven had severe granulocytopenia (< 250), and two patients had severe thrombocytopenia (< 25,000). One patient experienced a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction with a total dose of 180 mg/m². The dose of esorubicin in this study demonstrated that the drug has minimal activity in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas but the toxicity is tolerable. Search should continue for single agents with activity in this disease.     

Orbital trauma and reconstruction

This article reviews the most recent topics of investigation concerning orbital trauma and reconstruction. During the past year there have been many articles of interest regarding management of the sequelae to orbital trauma, pathophysiologic process in orbital injury, diagnostic techniques, as well as operative methods, materials, and complications. Recent research has focused on the pathophysiology of traumatic optic neuropathy and visual compromise in orbital hemorrhage. Theories regarding the etiology of atraumatic spontaneous enophthalmos are described. In the realm of orbital reconstruction, rigid fixation systems have ben extensively investigated for use in orbital and facial trauma. Investigators have begun to address the question of potential complications from rigid fixation in children.     

Prevalence of gambling disorders in a primary care setting

BACKGROUND: Pathologic gambling prevalence seems to be increasing as opportunities for gambling increase. Prevalence may be different in a primary care setting compared with population-based studies. OBJECTIVES: To determine the gambling disorder prevalence in a primary care setting and to investigate associations between gambling disorders and proximity to a casino, substance abuse, health ratings, age, sex, and socioeconomic status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 1394 patients presenting to their primary care physicians between November 1, 1997, and April 1, 1998. SETTING: Three primary care clinics in Wisconsin. PATIENTS: Adults aged 18 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gambling disorders, defined by scores of 3 or greater on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and information about drug use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana), overall health, specific health symptoms, age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: A total of 1051 patients completed the survey. More than 80.0% of the patients had gambled, and 6.2% met the criteria for gambling disorders. Gambling disorders were more prevalent in men, nonwhites, and patients from lower socioeconomic groups. Patients with gambling disorders were more likely to use tobacco and abuse alcohol compared with nonproblem gamblers. No relation was seen between marijuana use and gambling disorders. Patients with gambling disorders rated their health more poorly and reported more severe symptoms of heartburn and backache. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable percentage of patients presenting to primary care clinics are affected by their need to gamble. There is significant comorbidity with tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Primary care physicians should consider asking about gambling habits in high-risk patients.     

Mortality in a cohort of licensed pesticide applicators in Florida

OBJECTIVES: Although the primary hazard to humans associated with pesticide exposure is acute poisoning, there has been considerable concern surrounding the possibility of cancer and other chronic health effects in humans. Given the huge volume of pesticides now used throughout the world, as well as environmental and food residue contamination leading to chronic low level exposure, the study of possible chronic human health effects is important. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study, analysed by general standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of licensed pesticide applicators in Florida compared with the general population of Florida. A cohort of 33,658 (10% female) licensed pesticide applicators assembled through extensive data linkages yielded 1874 deaths with 320,250 person-years from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1993. RESULTS: The pesticide applicators were consistently and significantly healthier than the general population of Florida. As with many occupational cohorts, the risks of cardiovascular disease and of diseases associated with alcohol and tobacco use were significantly lower, even in the subpopulations--for example, men, women, and licence subcategories. Among male applicators, prostate cancer mortality (SMR 2.38 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.83 to 3.04) was significantly increased. No cases of soft tissue sarcoma were confirmed in this cohort, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was not increased. The number of female applicators was small, as were the numbers of deaths. Mortality from cervical cancer and breast cancer was not increased. Additional subcohort and exposure analyses were performed. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous publications on farmers but at odds with current theories about the protective effects of vitamin D, prostate cancer was increased in these pesticide applicators. Female breast cancer was not increased despite theories linking risk of breast cancer with exposure to oestrogen disruptors--such as the organochlorines. The lack of cases of soft tissue sarcoma is at odds with previous publications associating the use of the phenoxy herbicides with an increased risk of these cancers.