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101.
Mitchell Gersovitz Hamish N. Munro John Udall Vernon R. Young 《Metabolism: clinical and experimental》1980,29(11):1075-1086
Albumin synthesis was evaluated in 5 young adult males (19–25 yr) and 6 elderly males (64–78 yr) by a procedure involving oral administration of 15N-glycine every 3 hr over a 60-hr period. From about 40 hr onwards, urinary urea achieved a plateau of 15N-enrichment, which was estimated from the average of the last five (low protein) or seven (adequate protein) consecutive three-hourly urinary samples of the 60-hr period. This enrichment plateau was used as an index of the 15N-enrichment of the guanidine N of hepatic free arginine. The 15N-enrichment of the guanidine N of arginine in serum albumin was determined and albumin synthesis was estimated by comparing this value with the estimated enrichment of precursor hepatic arginine. Using this methodology, serum albumin concentration, synthesis, rate and plasma volume were measured when the young and elderly subjects had received an adequate protein intake (1.5 g · kg?1 for 7 days) or a low protein intake (0.4 g · kg?1 for 14 days). Serum albumin concentration was lower in the elderly at both levels of protein intake; protein intake did not affect this parameter in either age-group. Plasma volume (per kg body weight) did not differ between young and old, but increased in both groups when they were given the low-protein diet, so that the total intravascular albumin mass increased in both age groups significantly in the case of the young, and was probably due to net transfer of albumin from the extravascular pool. The fractional synthesis rate of the whole body albumin pool with adequate intake of protein was 4.0%/day in the young and 3.4%/day in the elderly. This fractional rate was reduced significantly by giving the low-protein diet to the young subjects, but was not reduced in the elderly. Absolute synthesis rates, calculated per kg body weight and per kg body cell mass, led to a similar conclusion. Whole body protein synthesis was also estimated from urinary 15N-urea enrichment using the Picou and Taylor-Roberts model. Albumin synthesis as a percentage of whole body protein synthesis (5%–6%) was reduced in the young adults by giving the low-protein diet, but was unchanged in the elderly. In conclusion, the rate of albumin synthesis in the young, but not in the elderly, is sensitive to changes in protein intake. It is suggested that albumin synthesis in the elderly is controlled at a lower set point, which prevents its response to higher protein intakes. 相似文献
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N. Palmateer S. Hutchinson G. McAllister A. Munro S. Cameron D. Goldberg A. Taylor 《Journal of viral hepatitis》2014,21(1):25-32
Sharing injecting paraphernalia (containers, filters and water) poses a risk of transmitting the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The prevalence of, and risk of HCV from, such behaviour has not been extensively reported in Europe. People who inject drugs (PWID) were recruited in cross‐sectional surveys from services providing sterile injecting equipment across Scotland between 2008 and 2010. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood spot for anonymous testing. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between recent HCV infection (anti‐HCV negative and HCV‐RNA positive) and self‐reported measures of injecting equipment sharing in the 6 months preceding interview. Twelve per cent of the sample reported sharing needles/syringes, and 40% reported sharing paraphernalia in the previous 6 months. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for sharing needles/syringes (+/− paraphernalia), and sharing only paraphernalia in the last 6 months were 6.7 (95% CI 2.6–17.1) and 3.0 (95% CI 1.2–7.5), respectively. Among those who reported not sharing needles/syringes, sharing containers and filters were both significantly associated with recent HCV infection (AOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.8 and 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.5, respectively); sharing water was not. We present the first study to apply a cross‐sectional approach to the analysis of the association between sharing paraphernalia and incident HCV infection and demonstrate consistent results with previous longitudinal studies. The prevalence of paraphernalia sharing in our study population is high, representing significant potential for HCV transmission. 相似文献
106.
Abby McCormack Mark Edmondson-Jones Heather Fortnum Piers Dawes Hugh Middleton Kevin J. Munro David R. Moore 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Background
Previous research has suggested that a substantial proportion of the population are severely affected by tinnitus, however recent population data are lacking. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that the perception of severity is closely related to personality factors such as neuroticism.Objective
In a subset (N = 172,621) of a large population sample of > 500,000 adults aged 40 to 69 years, (from the UK Biobank dataset) we calculated the prevalence of tinnitus and that which is perceived as bothersome, and examined the association between tinnitus and a putative predisposing personality factor, neuroticism.Method
Participants were recruited through National Health Service registers and aimed to be inclusive and as representative of the UK population as possible. The assessment included subjective questions concerning hearing and tinnitus. Neuroticism was self-rated on 13 questions from the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Associations between neuroticism and tinnitus were tested with logistic regression analyses.Results
Prevalence of tinnitus was significantly higher for males, and increased with age, doubling between the youngest and oldest age groups (males 13% and 26%; females 9% and 19% respectively). Of those with tinnitus, females were more likely to report bothersome tinnitus. Neuroticism was associated with current tinnitus and bothersome tinnitus, with the items: ‘loneliness’, ‘mood swings’, ‘worrier/anxious’ and ‘miserableness’, as the strongest associations of bothersome tinnitus.Conclusions
Neuroticism was identified as a novel association with tinnitus. Individuals with tinnitus and higher levels of neuroticism are more likely to experience bothersome tinnitus, possibly as a reflection of greater sensitivity to intrusive experiences. 相似文献107.
Dr Ian Freckelton SC 《Psychiatry, Psychology and Law》2013,20(2):191-195
Uncertainty has attended procedures for adjudging unfitness to stand trial in Victoria pursuant to the Crimes (Mental Impairment and Unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997 (Vic) and how “special hearings” should be conducted when a person is determined to be unfit to stand trial but does not wish to pursue the defence of not guilty because of mental impairment. In R v Langley [2008] VSCA 81, (2009) 19 VR 90 the Victorian Court of Appeal clarified the procedures to be employed at jury trials on such matters and quashed a decision not in conformity with proper procedures, making clear that denial of fairness to such accused persons has the potential to result in appealable error. 相似文献
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Arguably, Australia's most significant judicial pronouncement on the human rights of those with mental illnesses was made in 2009 by Justice Bell, the then President of the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (“VCAT”). The decision is an exhaustive analysis of the application of the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) to the involuntary status of a person subject to a community treatment order in Victoria. It occurred in the context of delays in the conduct of reviews of the status of a mentally ill person by Victoria's Mental Health Review Board (“the Board”). The outcome of the hearing was a declaration that the Board had breached the person's human rights to a fair hearing, even though the person's involuntary status on a community treatment order was not disturbed by VCAT. Whilst some important aspects of Justice Bell's decision concerning the general methodology to be applied when analysing human rights were overturned in the subsequent Court of Appeal decision of R v Momcilovic [2010] VSCA 50, the latter decision did not concern mental health and so leaves Kracke as the most detailed articulation and analysis of human rights within this difficult sphere. 相似文献
110.
Ian Freckelton SC 《Psychiatry, Psychology and Law》2013,20(5):643-659
The Ben Lewin film The Sessions has drawn attention again to the potential role for sexual surrogate partners and sex workers in enabling persons with disabilities and impairments to give expression to their sexual needs and desires. However, away from the big screen, the ethics of registered health practitioners in themselves engaging in such therapies are highly problematic. Difficult too is the role of such practitioners in being ‘the therapist’ responsible for enabling or brokering sexual contact between their patients and those offering such services for financial reward. In some jurisdictions, arrangements involving sexual surrogate therapy (especially where the therapist benefits from it financially) may not be lawful. Further, in spite of many assertions one way and the other, there are no data enabling evaluation of the success rates of the interventions of sexual surrogates or sex workers. Whether positive outcomes to such interactions are likely in most circumstances, given that the provision of services is predicated upon idealised attachments, is questionable. It is also unclear whether sexual surrogates’ adherence to an ethical code effectively ameliorates the potential for counter-therapeutic consequences from the commodification of intimacy, and it is far from straightforward to identify what steps should be taken by the referring health practitioner to select a suitable provider of sexual services to their patient or client, and then to monitor whether the arrangement is achieving its objectives. 相似文献