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991.
Monica Malta 《Global public health》2018,13(11):1577-1584
In 31 August 2016, Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff was impeached and replaced by her vice president Michel Temer. Herein, we examine how the conservative agenda of Mr Temer and his supporters is influencing key decisions in the human rights and public health arena in Brazil. The government’s austerity agenda includes severe cuts in critical areas such as health, education and science, jeopardising well-known strategies such as the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) and nationwide cash transfer program, ‘Bolsa Familia’ – both benefited millions and were the largest of their kind in the world. Mr Temer’s decisions show not only severe cuts in critical areas but also a political agenda that clearly demonstrates a broad shift away from the progressivism and social agenda presented and supported by its predecessors. Most vulnerable groups such as the LGBTQ community, women, people who use drugs and disenfranchised communities have been severely affected. Mr Temer’s administration is putting Brazil far from its once nationwide goal to foster free and universal health care access and social equity for all its citizens. The near future for Brazil is unknown, but both national and international communities anticipate severe problems within the national human rights arena, if nothing changes.
Abbreviations: CCT: Conditional Cash Transfer; LGBTQ: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (and/or Questioning); SUS: Brazilian Public Health System 相似文献
992.
993.
Andi Camden Jennifer Levy Kate Bassil Loren Vanderlinden Olanna White Barnett Leia M. Minaker Kate Mulligan Monica Campbell 《Journal of nutrition education and behavior》2018,50(6):573-581
Objective
Assess the consumer nutrition environment in midsize to large supermarkets by supermarket type and area-level socioeconomic variables.Design
Cross-sectional census of 257 supermarkets using the Toronto Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores.Setting
Toronto, Canada.Variables Measured
Availability; price and linear shelf space of fruits and vegetables vs energy-dense snack foods by supermarket type; after-tax, low-income measure; and neighborhood improvement area.Analysis
Multivariate linear regression.Results
There was a high availability of fruits (7.7 of 8) and vegetables (9.5 of 11). There was similar linear shelf space for fruits and vegetables vs energy-dense snack foods (ratio, 1.1?m). Adjusted fruit prices were lowest in quintiles 1 (β?=??$1.30; P?=?.008), 2 (β?=??$1.41; P?=?.005), and 3 (β?=??$1.89; P?<?.001) vs quintile 5 (lowest percentage of people living with low income) and in ethnic (β?=??$3.47; P?<?.001) and discount stores (β?=??$5.64; P?<?.001) vs conventional. Adjusted vegetable prices were lowest in quintiles 2 (β?=??$1.87; P?=?.04), 3 (β?=??$1.78; P?=?.03), and 4 (β?=??$2.65; P?=?.001) vs quintile 5 and in ethnic (β?=??$7.10; P?<?.001) and discount (β?=??$5.49; P?<?.001) stores. They were highest in other (β?=?+?$3.08; P?=?.003) vs conventional stores. Adjusted soda and chips prices were lower in discount (β?=??$1.16; P?<?.001) and higher in other stores (β?=?+?$0.67; P?<?.001) vs conventional.Conclusions and Implications
Findings do not indicate inequities in shelf space, availability, or price across diverse neighborhoods. Practitioners can use findings to help consumers navigate supermarkets to make healthy choices. 相似文献994.
Charbel El Bcheraoui Paola Zúñiga-Brenes Diego Ríos-Zertuche Erin B. Palmisano Claire R. McNellan Sima S. Desai Marielle C. Gagnier Annie Haakenstad Casey Johanns Alexandra Schaefer Bernardo Hernandez Emma Iriarte Ali H. Mokdad 《Population health metrics》2018,16(1):5
Background
To propose health system strategies to meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations on HIV screening through antenatal care (ANC) services, we assessed predictors of HIV screening, and simulated the impact of changes in these predictors on the probability of HIV screening in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (State of Chiapas), Nicaragua, Panama, and El Salvador.Methods
We interviewed a representative sample of women of reproductive age from the poorest Mesoamerican areas on ANC services, including HIV screening. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to examine correlates of HIV screening. First differences in expected probabilities of HIV screening were simulated for health system correlates that were associated with HIV screening.Results
Overall, 40.7% of women were screened for HIV during their last pregnancy through ANC. This rate was highest in El Salvador and lowest in Guatemala. The probability of HIV screening increased with education, household expenditure, the number of ANC visits, and the type of health care attendant of ANC visits. If all women were to be attended by a nurse, or a physician, and were to receive at least four ANC visits, the probability of HIV screening would increase by 12.5% to reach 45.8%.Conclusions
To meet WHO’s recommendations for HIV screening, special attention should be given to the poorest and least educated women to ensure health equity and progress toward an HIV-free generation. In parallel, health systems should be strengthened in terms of testing and human resources to ensure that every pregnant woman gets screened for HIV. A 12.5% increase in HIV screening would require a minimum of four ANC visits and an appropriate professional attendance of these visits.995.
Giuditta Pagliai Monica Dinu Alessandro Casini Francesco Sofi 《International journal of food sciences and nutrition》2018,69(1):93-99
The association between the sleep pattern and the effectiveness of a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet in people with overweight/obesity has been investigated in this study. Four hundred and three subjects were provided with a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet and followed for 9?months. Personal information, including sleep pattern, was obtained at the baseline. Body weight and composition were measured every 3?months. Poor sleepers reported to have significantly (p?.05) higher BMI and fat mass percentage than good sleepers. Among the good sleepers (6–8?h/day), women showed a greater reduction in fat mass than men after dieting (?3.6 vs. ?2?kg, p?=?.05). Women who reported sleeping 6–8 or?>8?h/day had an increased probability of losing fat mass than women who reported sleeping <6?h/day (OR?=?4.47, 95% CI: 1.42–14.04, p?=?.010 and OR?=?5.10, 95% CI: 1.15–22.70; p?=?.032, respectively). Our findings confirm that the normal sleep pattern is necessary to maintain body weight and optimal body composition. 相似文献
996.
Psychological effects of belonging to a Facebook weight management group in overweight and obese adults: Results of a randomised controlled trial
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Monica Jane Jonathan Foster Martin Hagger Suleen Ho Robert Kane Sebely Pal 《Health & social care in the community》2018,26(5):714-724
This study was conducted to test whether the weight outcomes in an online social networking group were mediated by changes to psychological outcome measures in overweight and obese individuals, following a weight management programme delivered via Facebook. The data analysed in this study were collected during a three‐armed, randomised, controlled clinical weight management trial conducted with overweight and obese adults over 24 weeks. Two intervention groups were given the same weight management programme: one within a Facebook group, along with peer support from other group members (the Facebook Group); the other group received the same programme in a pamphlet (the Pamphlet Group). A Control Group was given standard care. The primary outcome was weight; secondary outcomes included the following domains from self‐reported questionnaires: energy intake and expenditure; psychological health, social relationships, physical health, quality of life, depression, anxiety, stress, health anxiety, happiness, as well as Facebook Group participants’ opinion of this group. The Facebook Group experienced a reduction in their baseline weight measurement by week 24, significantly compared to the Control Group (p = .016). The Facebook Group recorded a significant increase in the psychological health domain during the trial (at week 12) relative to their baseline measurement, and significant compared to the Control Group (p = .022). Mediation analysis indicated a statistical trend, but not statistical significance, for psychological health as a mediator to weight loss in the Facebook Group. While both intervention groups showed significant changes in psychological outcome measures, the Facebook Group was the only group to experience statistically significant weight loss by the end of the 24 weeks. Therefore, an examination of other psychological and/or behavioural outcome measures undertaken in larger studies in the future may help to identify significant mediators to improved weight loss outcomes in online social networking groups. 相似文献
997.
Brian J. Doyle Temitope O. Lawal Tracie D. Locklear Lorraina Hernandez Alice L. Perez Udeshi Patel 《Pharmaceutical biology》2018,56(1):235-244
Context: Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) is used in Costa Rican traditional medicine for women’s health. Our previous work showed that P. dioica extracts were oestrogenic.Objectives: This work identifies phytochemicals from P. dioica that are responsible for the plant’s oestrogen-like activities.Materials and methods: P. dioica leaves were collected in Costa Rica in 2005. Fractions resulting from chromatographic separation of a methanol extract were tested at 50?μg/mL in a competitive oestrogen receptor-binding assay. Active compounds were isolated by HPLC and identified by NMR and MS. Pure compounds were tested at 1?μM in the oestrogen-responsive SEAP reporter gene assay. The effects on cell viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were investigated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and SK-BR3) and gastric cancer (AGS and NCI-N87) cell lines using the ApoTox-Glo and Caspase-Glo assays and qPCR.Results: Quercitrin and three new chromones, including a 2-phenoxychromone, 6,8-di-C-methylcapillarisin (1) were isolated and identified. Compound 1 caused a 6.2-fold increase in SEAP expression at 1?μM (p?0.05). This activity was blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Compound 2 caused a 6.0-fold increase in SEAP, inhibited the growth of MCF-7, AGS and NCI-N87 cells (IC50 54.27, 38.13 and 51.22?μg/mL, respectively), and induced apoptosis via caspase 8 and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio in MCF-7 cells. Compound 3 was anti-oestrogenic in MCF-7 cells.Discussion and conclusions: Compounds from P. dioica have oestrogenic, anti-oestrogenic and cytotoxic effects that may explain the ethnomedical use of this plant. 相似文献
998.
Soumaya Ben Khedher MD Monica Neri PhD Florence Guida PharmD Mireille Matrat MD Sylvie Cenée MS Marie Sanchez MS Loredana Radoi DMD Gwenn Menvielle PhD Emilie Marrer MD Danièle Luce PhD Isabelle Stücker PhD The Icare Study Group 《American journal of industrial medicine》2018,61(3):216-228
Background
To investigate the association of lung cancer with occupational exposure to textile dust and specifically to cotton dust in the population‐based case‐control study ICARE.Methods
Lifelong occupational history of 2926 cases and 3555 controls was collected using standardized questionnaires, with specific questions for textile dust exposure. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models controlling for confounding factors including smoking and asbestos exposure.Results
An inverse association between textile dust exposure and lung cancer was found among workers exposed ≥5% of their work time (OR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.58‐1.09), more pronounced for distant exposures (40+ years; up to a 56% reduced risk, statistically significant). The OR of lung cancer was significantly decreased among workers exposed to cotton fibers (OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.48‐0.97).Conclusions
Our results provide some evidence of a decreased risk of lung cancer associated with exposure to textile dust, particularly cotton.999.
Modeling clustering and treatment effect heterogeneity in parallel and stepped‐wedge cluster randomized trials
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Cluster randomized trials are frequently used in health service evaluation. It is common practice to use an analysis model with a random effect to allow for clustering at the analysis stage. In designs where clusters are exposed to both control and treatment conditions, it may be of interest to examine treatment effect heterogeneity across clusters. In designs where clusters are not exposed to both control and treatment conditions, it can also be of interest to allow heterogeneity in the degree of clustering between arms. These two types of heterogeneity are related. It has been proposed in both parallel cluster trials, stepped‐wedge, and other cross‐over designs that this heterogeneity can be allowed for by incorporating additional random effect(s) into the model. Here, we show that the choice of model parameterization needs careful consideration as some parameterizations for additional heterogeneity induce unnecessary or implausible assumptions. We suggest more appropriate parameterizations, discuss their relative advantages, and demonstrate the implications of these model choices using a real example of a parallel cluster trial and a simulated stepped‐wedge trial. 相似文献
1000.
Kristin J. Roberts Erica Fowler R. Dawn Comstock Soledad Fernandez Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul Leslie Mihalov Marcel J. Casavant Lara B. McKenzie 《The journal of primary prevention》2018,39(1):1-15
Although the proper installation and maintenance of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke alarms can protect individuals from residential CO-related and fire-related injuries, these devices are underutilized. We describe characteristics associated with self-reported CO and smoke alarm use of parents recruited from a pediatric emergency department to improve CO alarm use. Parents of children ≤ 18 years (N = 299) reported socio-demographic characteristics and CO and smoke alarm ownership and practices. We assigned participants to a behavioral profile and a Precaution Adoption Process Model stage based on their self-reported CO and smoke alarm use. Most participants (71%) did not have CO alarms in their homes, but reported owning at least one working smoke alarm (98%). Participants who reported “perfect” CO alarm behavior (defined as having a working CO alarm, one near a sleeping area, with batteries replaced every 6 months; 9%) were more likely to earn a higher income, own their home, and have lived at their current residence for at least 2 years. Participants who reported “perfect” smoke alarm behavior (defined as having a working smoke alarm on every level, with batteries replaced every 6 months; 49%) were more likely to rent their home, receive federal assistance, and have lived at their current residence for at least 2 years. Interventions to increase correct CO alarm use are necessary. 相似文献