Neonatal hypoglycemia and the CPT1A P479L variant in term newborns: A retrospective cohort study of Inuit newborns from Kivalliq Nunavut

IntroductionNeonatal hypoglycemia (NH) in the first days of life can largely be prevented by recognizing those at risk and managing accordingly. The CPT1A P479L variant is prevalent in northern Indigenous populations and is a possible risk factor for hypoglycemia. We report on NH incidence in the Kivalliq region of Nunavut, where all Inuit newborns are screened for NH.MethodsWe reviewed clinical charts of 728 Inuit newborns from Kivalliq (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013) for blood glucose (BG) levels and infant/maternal characteristics, linking to CPT1A genotype; 616 newborns had BG data from 2 to 48 hours of life. NH was defined using Canadian Paediatric Society guidelines (≤2.0 mmol/L at 2 hours, <2.6 mmol/L at 2 to 48 hours).ResultsNH was documented in 21.4% overall, 24.4% of at-risk newborns and 19.5% of term newborns with no risk factors (≥37 weeks gestation, term-NRF). NH was documented in 22.0% of CPT1A P479L homozygous, 19.8% of P479L heterozygous and 4.8% of noncarrier term-NRF newborns. With multivariable logistic regression, the adjusted ORs for developing NH in term-NRF newborns was 4.97 for CPT1A P479L homozygotes (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.65–38.35, P=0.19) and 4.71 for P479L heterozygotes (95% CI:0.57–37.89, P=0.15).ConclusionTerm-NRF newborns had a higher NH incidence than previously reported, similar to that for at-risk newborns, possibly due to the CPT1A P479L variant. Since only Inuit newborns from Kivalliq are screened for NH, further study of long-term outcomes of NH in this population and the role of the P479L variant are warranted to determine if neonatal BG screening is indicated in all Inuit newborns.     

Description of Behaviors in Nonverbal Critically Ill Patients With a Traumatic Brain Injury When Exposed to Common Procedures in the Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Study

Behavioral indicators are strongly recommended for pain assessment in nonverbal patients. Although pain-related behaviors have been studied in critically ill patients, those with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been either excluded or underrepresented. Because these patients also likely experience pain, research is urgently needed to generate knowledge in this field. This pilot study aimed to explore pain-related behaviors of critically ill TBI patients when exposed to common procedures in the intensive care unit (ICU), using video recording at the bedside and a newly developed coding system. Ten TBI patients hospitalized in the ICU participated. A 44-item behavioral checklist created from existing tools was used as a coding system to identify behaviors before, during, and 20 minutes after a nociceptive procedure (turning) and a nonnociceptive procedure (noninvasive blood pressure [NIBP]). Patients were video recorded to check for interrater agreement between two trained observers. TBI patients exhibited more behaviors during turning than at rest or during NIBP (p < .001). The following behaviors were observed during turning: levator contraction (n = 7), frowning (n = 5), opening eyes (n = 5), weeping eyes (n = 5), raising eyebrows (n = 5), activating the ventilator alarms (n = 7), and muscle tension (n = 5). No change in behaviors was noted during NIBP. After educational training and using videos, the average percentage of agreement for observed behaviors between two trained research assistants was 96%. Pain in critically ill TBI patients can be detrimental to health and recovery. ICU clinicians should be aware of pain-related behaviors to enable better detection and treatment in this highly vulnerable group.     

Implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults: a before and after study

BackgroundThe Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) is one of the few behavioural pain scales which have been developed and validated for the purpose of detecting pain in nonverbal critically ill adults.ObjectivesThis study aimed to complete a pre and post evaluation of the implementation of the CPOT on pain assessment/management nursing practices in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with nonverbal critically ill adults.DesignA before-and-after study design was used. Setting/Participants: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university affiliated health care centre in Montérégie (Canada) was selected for the implementation of the CPOT. All ICU nurses were trained to use the CPOT. Medical files were selected if the patient was 18 years or older, had been mechanically ventilated for a period ≥ 24 hours, was unable to communicate, and had intact motor function.MethodsThis implementation study included three steps: 1) pre-implementation phase, 2) implementation phase, and 3) post-implementation phase. The pre-implementation phase included the review of 30 medical files to describe the current nursing practice in pain assessment and management prior to the introduction of the CPOT. During the implementation phase, 60 ICU nurses attended standardized training sessions on the use of the CPOT and practiced the scoring with the CPOT using patients’ videotapes. In the post-implementation phase, the interrater reliability of ICU nurses when using the CPOT was tested using three patients’ videotapes. Also, pain assessment and management nursing practices were evaluated by reviewing 30 medical files at 3 months, and 30 others at 12 months post-implementation.ResultsNurses’ percentage of agreement when scoring patients with the CPOT by viewing the videotapes was high post-implementation of the tool (>87%). Reports of pain assessments were more frequently charted in the medical files in the post-implementation phase (10.5 to 12 assessments in a 24-hour period) compared with the pre-implementation phase (3 assessments in a 24-hour period). Interestingly, fewer analgesic and sedative agents were administered during the post-implementation phase.ConclusionsThe CPOT was successfully implemented and seemed to have positive effects on pain assessment and management nursing practices in the ICU. Further research is warranted to look at its impact on patient outcomes.     

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in sibs discordant for IC2 methylation

Genetically heterogeneous imprinting disorders include Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and multiple maternal hypomethylation syndrome (MMHS). Using DNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, SNuPE, pyrosequencing, and hybridization to the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel 1 array, we characterized the genomic DNA of two brothers with BWS who were discordant for loss of methylation at several differentially methylated regions (DMR), including imprinting center 2 (IC2) on chromosome band 11p15.5, which is often hypomethylated in BWS. In keeping with MMHS, the elder child had hypomethylation of SGCE and PLAGL1 as well as of IC2, whereas the younger brother demonstrated no loss of methylation at these DMRs. Although this discordance is consistent with the observation that 15-20% of individuals with BWS do not have detectable genetic or epigenetic alterations of 11p15.5, this is the first report of familial recurrence of BWS with discordance for chromosomal 11p15.5 alterations. We hypothesize that this apparent discordance arises either from mosaicism precluding identification of IC2 hypomethylation in blood or buccal mucosa DNA of the younger child, or from hypomethylation at a site not interrogated by our molecular studies.     

The Incidence of Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm in Competitive Figure Skaters

Pediatric commitment to competitive sports is on the rise. Previous reports of the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) have investigated high school, college, and Olympic athletes in traditional sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of EIB in competitive figure skating, a high-intensity, cold-weather sport performed by young athletes. To investigate the incidence of EIB in skaters, 100 competitive skaters from five Mid-Atlantic rinks completed rinkside pulmonary function tests. Results showed an overall incidence of 30%, signaling the need for education and screening for EIB in youth participating in physically demanding, cold-weather sports.     

Educational Strategies to Help Students Provide Respectful Sexual and Reproductive Health Care for Lesbian,Gay, Bisexual,and Transgender Persons

Graduate medical, nursing, and midwifery curricula often have limited amounts of time to focus on issues related to cultural competency in clinical practice, and respectful sexual and reproductive health care for all individuals in particular. Respectful health care that addresses sexual and reproductive concerns is a right for everyone, including those who self‐identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). LGBT persons have unique reproductive health care needs as well as increased risks for poor health outcomes. Both the World Health Organization and Healthy People 2020 identified the poor health of LGBT persons as an area for improvement. A lack of educational resources as well as few student clinical experiences with an LGBT population may be barriers to providing respectful sexual and reproductive health care to LGBT persons. This article offers didactic educational strategies for midwifery and graduate nursing education programs that may result in reducing barriers to the provision of respectful sexual and reproductive health care for LGBT clients. Specific ideas for implementation are discussed in detail. In addition to what is presented here, other educational strategies and clinical experiences may help to support students for caring for LGBT persons prior to entrance into clinical practice.     

Clinical Implications for Women of a Low-Carbohydrate or Ketogenic Diet With Intermittent Fasting

Obesity in the United States is pervasive and associated with morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. For women, obesity may affect stages of life including early menarche, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause as a result of hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance. The insulin–carbohydrate model of obesity has been proposed as an explanation for growing obesity rates and can be used to target weight loss strategies by increasing insulin sensitivity. Together, low-carbohydrate dietary patterns along with intermittent fasting may help individuals with insulin resistance not only lose weight but also increase their insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology and physiology of obesity and the indicators for health while outlining strategies for nurses and other clinicians to use when counseling women who are following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting for weight management.