真核起始因子4E对小鼠动脉粥样硬化发生、发展的炎症调节作用*

目的 探讨真核起始因子4E（eIF4E）在小鼠动脉粥样硬化发生、发展过程中的炎症调节作用。方法 分别用200?ng/μl脂多糖（LPS）和20?ng/μl白细胞介素-4（IL-4）诱导RAW264.7细胞12?h后提取mRNA,24?h后提取蛋白,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）和Western blotting检测eIF4E mRNA和蛋白在M1型和M2型巨噬细胞中的表达变化。复制ApoE-/-动脉粥样硬化小鼠模型,检测小鼠腹主动脉eIF4E mRNA和蛋白表达变化;组织免疫荧光检测eIF4E在主动脉根部中分别与M1型和M2型巨噬细胞中的共表达。结果 M1型巨噬细胞eIF4E mRNA和蛋白表达高于M2型巨噬细胞（P?<0.05）。在ApoE-/- 小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型中,ApoE-/-小鼠腹主动脉eIF4E mRNA和蛋白表达高于C57BL/6J小鼠（P?<0.05）;eIF4E与CD86的共定位表达高于eIF4E与CD206的共定位表达。结论 eIF4E在动脉粥样硬化的发展过程中主要在M1型巨噬细胞中起作用,进而对动脉粥样硬化产生影响。     

职业卫生与职业医学开放性实验教学效果评价研究

目的 在预防医学专业本科学生中开展开放性实验,探索实验教学改革方法,提升学生的专业素养和科研能力。方法 针对预防医学专业大四学生,以职业卫生与职业医学实验课程为抓手,进行开放实验教学,然后用问卷调查评估实验效果。2016级预防医学专业学生147人为对照组,开展常规验证性实验;2017级预防医学专业学生176人为试验组,开展开放性实验。从综合考评成绩、教师自评、学生满意度调查3个方面进行评价。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行独立样本t检验、卡方检验。结果 试验组和对照组学生的职业卫生与职业医学期末考试理论成绩是[（84.37±10.45）分 vs. （81.44±9.22）分]（t=2.68,P=0.008）,实验技能成绩是[（93.66±3.89）分 vs. （88.41±5.67）分]（t=9.51,P<0.001）,两组相比,试验组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。问卷调查显示,试验组学生对于学时安排（χ²=8.31,P=0.004）、小组协作（χ²=21.10,P<0.001）、考核形式（χ²=7.92,P=0.005）、提升科研论文撰写能力（χ²=17.56,P<0.001）、提高实践技能（χ²=11.70,P=0.001）、逻辑思维和语言组织表达能力（χ²=10.33,P=0.001）的满意度更高。学生认为开放实验有助于培养学生创新思维和能力,但是对于就业优势的培养作用有限。学生认为开设专业课的开放性实验具有充分必要性。结论 在预防医学专业学生中开展开放性实验对于学生提升专业素养、增强实践和科研能力是有益的。     

缺血预适应对肢体缺血再灌注大鼠肝脏的保护效应

目的 观察缺血预适应(IPC)对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注后肝脏损伤的影响,以进一步探讨IPC对肢体缺血再灌注后肝脏功能的保护作用。方法 实验用雄性Wistar大鼠18只,随机分为对照(Control)组,缺血再灌注(IR)组和缺血预处理(IPC IR)组．每组6只。分别测定血浆谷草转氧酶(ALT)、谷丙转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)．血浆和肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量变化及肝组织的湿/干重比值(W／D)、髓过氧化物酶含量(MPO)及DNA双链百分率(Ratio of DNA Chain％)。结果 发现IPC减轻了肢体IR后引起的ALT、AST、LDH、XOD、MDA、MPO、W／D含量的升高．并且增加了SOD以及肝组织中DNA双链百分率。结论 IPC对肢体IR继发的肝脏功能损伤具有保护作用。     

Epigenética y cáncer colorrectal

The epigenetic and physiological mechanisms that alter the structure of chromatin include the methylation of DNA, changes in the histones, and changes in RNA. A literature review has been carried out using PubMed on the evidence published on the association between epigenetics and colorectal cancer. The scientific literature shows that epigenetic changes, such as genetic modifications may be very significant in the origin of neoplastic disease, contributing both to the development and progression of the disease.     

The association of concurrent vitamin D and sex hormone deficiency with bone loss and fracture risk in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study

Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (VitD), low sex hormones (SH), and high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels are common in older men. We tested the hypothesis that combinations of low VitD, low SH, and high SHBG would have a synergistic effect on bone mineral density (BMD), bone loss, and fracture risk in older men. Participants were a random subsample of 1468 men (mean age 74 years) from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) plus 278 MrOS men with incident nonspine fractures studied in a case‐cohort design. “Abnormal” was defined as lowest quartile for VitD (<20 ng/mL), bioavailable testosterone (BioT, <163 ng/dL), and bioavailable estradiol (BioE, <11 pg/mL); and highest quartile for SHBG (>59 nM). Overall, 10% had isolated VitD deficiency; 40% had only low SH or high SHBG; 15% had both SH/SHBG and VitD abnormality; and 35% had no abnormality. Compared to men with all normal levels, those with both SH/SHBG and VitD abnormality tended to be older, more obese, and to report less physical activity. Isolated VitD deficiency, and low BioT with or without low VitD, was not significantly related to skeletal measures. The combination of VitD deficiency with low BioE and/or high SHBG was associated with significantly lower baseline BMD and higher annualized rates of hip bone loss than SH abnormalities alone or no abnormality. Compared to men with all normal levels, the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for incident nonspine fracture during 4.6‐year median follow‐up was 1.2 (0.8–1.8) for low VitD alone; 1.3 (0.9–1.9) for low BioE and/or high SHBG alone; and 1.6 (1.1–2.5) for low BioE/high SHBG plus low VitD. In summary, adverse skeletal effects of low sex steroid levels were more pronounced in older men with low VitD levels. The presence of low VitD in the presence of low BioE/high SHBG may contribute substantially to poor skeletal health. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Validation of FRC, a fracture risk assessment tool, in a cohort of older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study

We evaluated the performance of the Fracture Risk Calculator (FRC) in 5893 men who participated in the baseline visit (March 2000-April 2002) of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. FRC estimates for 10-yr hip and major osteoporotic (hip, clinical spine, forearm, and shoulder) fractures were calculated and compared with observed 10-yr fracture probabilities. Possible enhancement of the tool's performance when bone mineral density (BMD) was included was evaluated by comparing areas under receiver operating characteristic curves and by Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI). A total of 5893 men were followed-up for an average of 8.4 yr. For most quintiles of predicted fracture risk, the ratios of observed to predicted probabilities were close to unity. Area under the curves improved when BMD was included (p<0.001; 0.79 vs 0.71 for hip fracture and 0.70 vs 0.66 for major osteoporotic fracture, respectively). Using National Osteoporosis Foundation clinical treatment thresholds, BMD inclusion increased NRI significantly, 8.5% (p<0.01) for hip and 4.0% (p=0.01) for major osteoporotic fracture. We conclude that the FRC calibrates well with hip and major osteoporotic fractures observed among older men. Further, addition of BMD to the fracture risk calculation improves the tool's performance.     

Mechanisms of repair after kidney injury

Kidney injury is repaired by inflammatory and non-inflammatory mechanisms, with the extent of recovery based on severity of the insult. Critical to the assessment of kidney repair is the ability to differentiate functional recovery from structural repair: compensatory increases in the function of intact residual nephrons often mask the inability of the kidney to heal or replace damaged structures. The mechanisms of repair reflect three levels of injury, which are handled differently by the kidney. First, DNA damage is countered by proof-reading DNA polymerases, backed by other controls for sequence misalignment/nucleotide replacement. If DNA cannot be repaired, cells harboring mutation(s) are lost through apoptosis, which is also critical to the disposal of kidney cells and infiltrating leukocytes in both acute and chronic ischemic, immunological, or chemical damage. This leaves room for a second mechanism of repair, i.e., cellular proliferation. At least 5 types of reparative proliferation are known to occur, some of which involve stem cell differentiation and perhaps immigration from distant reservoirs. The final type of repair is referred to as structural repair, actually quite limited by lack of postnatal nephrogenesis in the human kidney. Certain forms of recovery after acute tubular necrosis involve extensive remodeling of the proximal tubule, where integrity of the basement membrane is required for successful repair. Contrary to the long-held belief that only acute injury can be repaired, while ongoing chronic damage leads to progressive nephron loss, evidence is emerging that some degree of renal remodeling occurs even in the presence of persistent structural changes.