Peripheral neuroimmune interactions: selected review and some clinical implications

Clinical Autonomic Research - To provide a brief and focused review on peripheral neuroimmune interactions and their implications for some clinical disorders. Narrative review of the literature...     

A novel non-linear recursive filter design for extracting high rate pulse features in nuclear medicine imaging and spectroscopy

Applications in imaging and spectroscopy rely on pulse processing methods for appropriate data generation. Often, the particular method utilized does not highly impact data quality, whereas in some scenarios, such as in the presence of high count rates or high frequency pulses, this issue merits extra consideration. In the present study, a new approach for pulse processing in nuclear medicine imaging and spectroscopy is introduced and evaluated. The new non-linear recursive filter (NLRF) performs nonlinear processing of the input signal and extracts the main pulse characteristics, having the powerful ability to recover pulses that would ordinarily result in pulse pile-up. The filter design defines sampling frequencies lower than the Nyquist frequency.In the literature, for systems involving NaI(Tl) detectors and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), with a signal bandwidth considered as 15 MHz, the sampling frequency should be at least 30 MHz (the Nyquist rate), whereas in the present work, a sampling rate of 3.3 MHz was shown to yield very promising results. This was obtained by exploiting the known shape feature instead of utilizing a general sampling algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed filter enhances count rates in spectroscopy. With this filter, the system behaves almost identically as a general pulse detection system with a dead time considerably reduced to the new sampling time (300 ns). Furthermore, because of its unique feature for determining exact event times, the method could prove very useful in time-of-flight PET imaging.     

Obesity and tooth wear among American adults: the role of sugar-sweetened acidic drinks

Clinical Oral Investigations - To explore the association between obesity and tooth wear among American adults and the role of sugar-sweetened acidic drinks consumption in explaining that...     

Visceral basidiobolomycosis: An overlooked infection in immunocompetent children

Visceral basidiobolomycosis is an unusual fungal infection of viscera caused by saprophyte Basidiobolus ranarum. It is very rare in healthy children and poses a diagnostic challenge due to the non-specific clinical presentation and the absence of predisposing factors. We report a case of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 4-year-old healthy girl who presented with a short history of abdominal pain, bleeding per rectum, fever, and weight loss. The diagnosis was based on high eosinophilic count, classical histopathology findings of fungal hyphae (the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon), and positive fungal culture from a tissue biopsy. Fungal infection was successfully eradicated with a combined approach of surgical resection of the infected tissue and a well-monitored course of antifungal therapy. The atypical clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and the role of surgery in the management of a rare and lethal fungal disease in an immunocompetent child are discussed.Key words: Basidiobolomycosis, child, fungal infection, gastrointestinal, immunocompetent     

Histomorphological Patterns of Endometrium in Infertility

Background

Endometrium is the most sensitive indicator of ovarian function and endometrial biopsy is one of the most important investigations in infertility. The current study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological patterns of endometrium in infertile women and to compare the results with other similar studies.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study on 2,080 infertile women was carried out to find the incidence of various histomorphological patterns in hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of endometrium and compare them with other Indian studies.

Results

In the current study majority of cases (88.50 %) were of primary infertility; the highest number of cases was in the age group of 21–30 years and the oldest patient was of 50 years age. The various abnormalities observed were anovulatory endometrium (15.75 %), inadequate proliferative (1.90 %), inadequate secretory (9.52 %), glandulo-stromal disparity (GSD) (4.21 %), hyperplasia (1.10 %), and endometritis (1.63 %). In 3.0 % cases menstrual cycle history was not available and curettage was done at inappropriate period of the cycle in 11.63 %. Comparison with other studies revealed the results matching with some and differing with others.

Conclusion

In the current study, anovulatory endometrium and luteal phase defect are the major causes of infertility, and tuberculous endometritis, non-specific endometritis and GSD are minor contributing factors. These are treatable causes. Premenstrual endometrial biopsy, if accompanied by information of menstrual cycle and date of biopsy, can be a very reliable diagnostic tool for hormonal dysfunction and intrinsic endometrial factors in infertility.     

Unusual presentation of rectal adenocarcinoma

Metastatic tumors in the gastrointestinal tract are rare with an overall prevalence of 1-4 per cent in the postmortem series. Lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma are considered the most common primary tumors metastatic to the small bowel. Local duodenal metastasis from colonic cancer and cecum have been reported, but metastasis to the duodenum from rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma has not been reported before. We report the first case of metastasis in the duodenum from an adenocarcinoma of the rectum presented as a recurrent acute prerenal azotemia caused by volume depletion which had resulted from duodenal obstruction.     

Increased levels of interleukin-10 and IgG3 are hallmarks of Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

BACKGROUND: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), an established sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is proposed to facilitate anthroponotic transmission of VL, especially during interepidemic periods. Immunopathological mechanisms responsible for Indian PKDL are still poorly defined. METHODS: Our study attempted to characterize the immune profiles of patients with PKDL or VL relative to that of healthy control subjects by immunophenotyping, intracellular cytokine staining of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum cytokines and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses. RESULTS: Patients with PKDL had significantly raised percentages of peripheral CD3+CD8+ cells compared with control subjects, a difference that persisted after cure. Patients with PKDL showed an intact response to phytohemagglutinin, with the percentages of lymphocytes expressing interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 being comparable to those in control subjects. Patients with VL had decreased IFN-gamma and IL-2 expression, which was restored after cure, and increased IL-10 expression, which persisted after cure. In their response to Leishmania donovani antigen, patients with PKDL showed a 9.6-fold increase in the percentage of IL-10-expressing CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes compared with control subjects, and this percentage decreased with treatment. Patients with PKDL had raised levels of IgG3 and IgG1 (surrogate markers for IL-10), concomitant with increased serum levels of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS: IL-10-producing CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes are important protagonists in the immunopathogenesis of Indian PKDL.     

Marker Based In-vitro Antioxidant Potential,Microscopy and Validated High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Saffron

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences - In vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of saffron and crocetin was assessed along with...