A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education

Rahimi‐Madiseh M, Tavakol M, Dennick R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16 : 478–483
A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education It is well documented that pain management and pain assessment is an indispensible part of the nursing care of patients. This study sought to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. We conducted a cross‐sectional study using a well‐validated questionnaire entitled the ‘Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Tool’, previously used to evaluate undergraduate nursing students. Results from the survey questionnaire showed that there was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. It is argued that there is a real need for improving the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. The limitations of the study are discussed and some recommendations are made for reforming pain management education for future practice.     

Study of cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of saffron extract in human cancer cell lines

Saffron (dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L.) has been used as a spice, food colorant and medicinal plant for millennia. In this study cytotoxic effect of saffron extract was evaluated in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. Meanwhile role of apoptosis and ROS were explored. Malignant and non-malignant cells (L929) were cultured in DMEM medium and incubated with different concentrations of ethanolic saffron extract. Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were determined using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). ROS was measured using DCF-DA by flow cytometry analysis. Saffron could decrease cell viability in malignant cells as a concentration and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values against HeLa and HepG2 were determined 800 and 950 μg/ml after 48 h, respectively. Saffron induced a sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of treated cells compared to control indicating apoptotic cell death is involved in saffron toxicity. This toxicity was also independent of ROS production. It might be concluded that saffron could cause cell death in HeLa and HepG2 cells, in which apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role. Saffron could be also considered as a promising chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment in future.     

Poliovirus antibody titres, relative affinity, and neutralising capacity in maternal milk.

Varying titres of secretory IgA antibodies to poliovirus type 1 were found previously in the milk of unvaccinated, lactating Pakistani mothers during two different years, reflecting the antigenic exposure on mucosal membranes. To study further the changes in the extent and the form of antigenic exposure reflected in the human milk, human milk samples from Pakistani, Indian, Japanese, and Swedish mothers were collected. The quality and the neutralising capacity of the antibodies was also studied. Secretory IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies to poliovirus type 1 were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and relative affinity was measured in ELISA by elution with potassium thiocyanide. Microneutralisation tests were also performed. The higher secretory IgA antibody titres to poliovirus type 1 in the unvaccinated, naturally exposed Pakistani and Indian mothers' milk, compared with the Swedish and Japanese mothers, presumably reflect the epidemiological situation in these countries. Neutralising capacity and the relative antibody affinity seemed to be higher both in the Pakistani mothers and the group without natural exposure but only given inactivated poliovirus vaccine, that is the Swedish mothers, than the group meeting only live vaccine strains, that is the Japanese mothers.     

A liver transplant center experience with liver dialysis in the management of patients with fulminant hepatic failure: a preliminary report

Among extracorporeal liver support devices, liver dialysis is cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used for the management of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The outcomes of patients following liver dialysis need to be clearly evaluated. Among the 25 patients with FHF admitted to the Liver ICU between May 2000 and November 2002, 12 underwent liver dialysis, including 6 men and 6 women, of mean age 32 years. The causes of FHF were identified as acetaminophen (n = 10), herbal medications (n = 1) and autoimmune disease (n = 1). At presentation, the mean total bilirubin was 9.35 mg/dL (range, 0 to 1.3), mean ALT 3015 U/L (range, 0 to 48), mean AST 3457 (range, 0 to 42), mean ammonia 98 micromol/L (range, 10 to 60) and mean INR 1.88. A control group including 13 patients (2 men and 11 women), of mean age 27.8 years mean total bilirubin 5.66, mean ALT 3494, mean AST 3528, mean ammonia 113 and mean INR 3, were not treated with liver dialysis, due to the lack of machine availability or physician's choice. The causes of FHF were acute hepatitis B (n = 1), acetaminophen (n = 10) or unknown (n = 2). There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the two groups (P >.05). Among the liver dialysis group, 1 patient died, 2 underwent OLTx, and 9 were discharged home. Among the control group; 4 patients died, 2 underwent OLTx, and 7 were discharged home. Preliminary results seem to support survival benefit among patients who underwent liver dialysis compared to non-liver dialysis; however, further randomized control trials are warranted to verify this observation.     

Excitable gap composition in the presence of antiarrhythmic drugs in common human atrial flutter

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recurrence of atrial flutter (AFl) on antiarrhythmic drugs is frequently observed. To determine the reasons for drug inefficacy, the electrophysiological parameters of AFl were studied in eight patients without drug, six patients on sotalol (Sot), eight patients on amiodarone (Amio) and four patients on propafenone (PPF) who presented to the electrophysiology laboratory for conversion of AFl by rapid atrial pacing. METHODS: A quadripolar electrode catheter was positioned in the right atrium in the pathway of the AFl circuit. The duration and composition of the excitable gap (EG) were determined by premature stimuli during AFl. RESULTS: The EG in AFl recurring on Sot (80 +/- 25 ms), Amio (78 +/- 13 ms) and PPF (83 +/- 26 ms) was not significantly different from that without drug (88 +/- 14 ms). Furthermore, a fully excitable portion of the EG was present whether with or without drug. CONCLUSIONS: AFl recurrence on Amio, PPF or Sot is associated with the continued presence of an EG and fully excitable portion. These findings explain the persistent viability of the AFl circuit despite drug therapy in these patients.     

Breast angiosarcomas: three case reports

Angiosarcoma is a rare type of breast cancer, it has the worst prognosis of all breast malignancies. We report three cases of breast angiosarcoma observed at the National Oncology Institute and the Maternity of Orangers. A preoperative diagnosis was evoked in one case only, after a local recurrence in the second one and histological in the last one. Mastectomy is the reference treatment. The development is distinguished by general metastasis. Based on review of literature, we analysed the different aspects of this disease.     

The negative predictive value of p16INK4a to assess the outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 in the uterine cervix.

The immunohistochemical expression of p16 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded histological sections was evaluated in a retrospective study comprising a low-grade group of 100 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, a high-grade group of 50 cases of CIN 2 to 3, and a benign group of 50 cases of normal tissue or benign lesions in the uterine cervix. The cases were consecutive within each group and had a minimum follow-up period of 5 years. Positive reaction for p16 was detected in all cases in the high-grade group and in only 3 cases in the benign group. In the low-grade group, a total of 9 cases had to be excluded. The remaining 91 cases in the low-grade group showed positive reaction for p16 in 65 cases (71%), including 23 cases that progressed to a high-grade lesion, 36 cases that revealed normal cytological and/or histological picture during the follow-up period, and 6 cases that persisted as CIN 1. A total of 26 cases (29%) in the low-grade group showed negative reaction for p16. All but one of these p16 negative cases in the low-grade group had a benign or normal outcome. This case showed a high-grade lesion in the follow-up period and was probably a high-grade lesion from the beginning and so underestimated as CIN 1. These results reveal that the negative predictive value of p16 to predict the outcome of the cases of CIN 1 is as high as 96%, which strongly suggest an important role of p16 in the assessment of this type of lesion.