Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocytefunction-associated antigen-1 in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection and in synchronous periparticular hepatic granulomas in mice: immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy

Adhesion molecules play an important role in inflammatory and immunological responses. We assessed the expression pattern of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocytefunction-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in the livers of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni and in synchronous hepatic granulomas induced by injection of soluble egg antigen (SEA)-coupled Sepharose beads in a mesenteric vein of mice. By immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy, ICAM-1 was localized on endothelial cells, sinusoidal-lining cells (Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelium), the hepatocyte cell membrane facing Disse's space, and inflammatory cells in the granuloma. LFA-1 was visualized on the inflammatory cells of the granuloma and on phagocytic sinusoidal-lining cells, most likely Kupffer cells. ICAM-1- and LFA-1-immunoreactive cells were present in the granuloma as early as at 3 days after injection of SEA-coupled beads and persisted with time. As granulomas became older, nonimmunoreactive granuloma cells appeared. We conclude that adhesion molecules play an important role in the genesis of the schistosomal granuloma. Received: 16 September 1996 / Accepted: 24 October 1996     

Salmonella endarteritis, about two cases and their management

Mycotic aneurysms due to Salmonella are a classical but uncommon complication of Salmonella infections. We report two cases of such aneurysms, the first one having developed two successive aneurysms of the iliac arteries due to Salmonella typhimurium. The literature on Salmonella endarteritis is briefly reviewed. The importance of an aggressive surgical approach of the mycotic aneurysm, with removal of all infected material and extra-anatomic bypass through contaminated tissue is emphasized. The role of antibiotic treatment is also discussed.     

Assessment of fracture healing by spectral analysis

The 'in vivo' impulse response of long bones was investigated with the object of assessing the reliability of data taken under various conditions. The ultimate goal of the research is to develop a non-invasive method of monitoring the healing of long bones. A spectrum analyser was developed specifically for this investigation and is presented here.     

Effects of physiological manipulations on locus coeruleus neuronal activity in freely moving cats. III. Glucoregulatory challenge

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the subsequent administration of glucose were examined for their effects on single unit activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons in unanesthetized, unrestrained cats. LC-NE neuronal activity showed an inverse relationship to blood glucose levels. The activity of most cells increased during sustained hypoglycemia, and then decreased following glucose administration. Some neurons were unaffected by hypoglycemia, but were inhibited following glucose. The activation of LC-NE neurons in response to insulin administration generally paralleled the increase in plasma epinephrine, although the adrenal response was more sensitive. These data, together with those reported in the preceding papers, suggest the following general conclusions: (1) physiological stimuli can influence the activity of LC-NE neurons in unanesthetized subjects (although they do so less strongly than environmental stimuli); (2) these effects of physiological stimuli upon LC-NE neurons can be exerted independent of changes in behavioral state; (3) LC-NE neurons do not appear to play a specific role in the regulation of any of the systems examined, but may instead play a more global role in the response to physiological challenges in general; (4) LC-NE neurons are generally co-activated with both the neural and hormonal components of the sympatho-adrenal system, although sympathetic activation can occur in the absence of increased LC-NE activity. A previously hypothesized role for LC-NE neurons in facilitating the behavioral response to environmental stressors may thus be extended to include the response to physiological challenges, and perhaps facilitation of the physiological as well as the behavioral components of the stress response.     

Patterns of health-compromising behaviors among Minnesota adolescents: sociodemographic variations.

OBJECTIVES: This study compared prevalence rates of health-compromising behaviors among boys and girls from different ethnic backgrounds in early, middle, and late adolescence and compared co-occurrences of such behaviors across gender and ethnic groups. METHODS: The study population included 123 132 adolescents in grades 6, 9, and 12. Adolescents completed a classroom-administered statewide survey focusing on high-risk behaviors, including unhealthy weight loss, substance abuse, suicide risk, delinquency, and sexual activity. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of most health-compromising behaviors differed by gender, increased with age, and tended to be highest among American Indian youth and lowest among Asian Americans. Strong associations were found between substance abuse and delinquency across all ethnic groups. Substance abuse and delinquency were associated with suicide risk across most ethnic groups. Covariations with sexual activity and unhealthy weight loss behaviors showed more ethnic variation. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention interventions should take into account the tendency for health-compromising behaviors to co-occur and should be sensitive to demographic and socioeconomic differences in behavior patterns.     

Capillary microscopy in patients with vasospastic and arterial occlusive diseases

Capillary microscopy and its application for diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation in patients with vasospastic and arterial occlusive disease are described in this report. Capillary microscopy is a noninvasive technique for measuring red blood cell velocity and for determining nutritional blood flow in the capillaries of the skin. This method can be applied in distinguishing patients with Raynaud's phenomenon from those with other disorders involving ischemia of the hand. In patients with atherosclerotic disease of the lower limb, microcirculatory observations can help determine how temperature increases and posturally induced microvascular constriction affect limbs with different degrees of ischemia. Capillary microscopy can also be used to help distinguish between patients who respond and those who do not respond to prolonged treatment for such disorders. Because capillary microscopy can be used to assess microcirculatory hemodynamics and autoregulatory mechanisms in cases of severe ischemia, it should be regarded as an essential tool in the evaluation of patients with upper- and lower-limb ischemia.     

Accuracy of decisions to withdraw therapy in critically ill patients: clinical judgment versus a computer model

Two clinicians and the nursing sisters working in the ICU evaluated the chance of survival of ICU patients every day. Patients were assessed either as "outcome unknown or will die." These predictions were compared with those made by computerized trend analysis of daily acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) scores corrected for the presence and duration of major organ system failure. The predictions were not acted upon during the study. Comparing the predictions with actual hospital outcome, the doctors and nurses had a false-positive diagnosis rate for dying of between 7.7% and 16.7%, while there were no false predictions by the computer model. The patients predicted to die by the doctors and nurses were not completely identical to those predicted by the computer. Predictions of doctors and nurses that were confirmed by the computer had a sensitivity of 20% and no false predictions of death.