Adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activity in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes

Adenylate cyclase (AC) and guanylate cyclase (GC) activities were studied in normal B-enriched and T-enriched lymphocytes, in lymphocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and in lymphocytes of adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). AC activity was greater in normal B than T lymphocytes (215 pmole/min/mg protein versus 80 pmole in the membrane-enriched fraction) and i both increased greatly after stimulation with isoproterenol and more so with prostaglandins E and F2 alpha. In leukemic lymphocytes, AC showed depressed activity (20 pmole in ALL cells and 55 pmole in CLL cells) and was less sensitive to hormonal stimulation: this loss of sensitivity occurred to a greater extent in ALL than in CLL lymphocytes. GC activity was greater in normal T than B cells (in membrane-enriched fraction: 10.2 pmole versus 5.3 pmole). It increased little with isoproterenol and prostaglandins stimulation, and much more with sodium azide and dehydroascorbic acid stimulation. GC activity was increased in both types of leukemic lymphocytes (23 pmole for ALL cells and 18 pmole for CLL cells) and was insensitive to stimulation. Possible derangement of cyclase and cyclic nucleotide regulation in leukemic cells is suggested.     

Prevalence of GB virus type C/hepatitis G virus RNA and of anti-E2 in individuals at high or low risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses: evidence of sexual and parenteral transmission

BACKGROUND: The first epidemiologic evidence of GB virus type C (GBV- C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection showed a high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in blood donors and in populations at risk for blood-borne viruses. However, by using only viral RNA polymerase chain reaction, those studies underestimated the true spread of GBV-C/HGV infection. The combined detection of GBV-C/HGV RNA and of anti-E2 (which reflects recovery from infection) is necessary to define accurately the prevalence of GBV-C/HGV. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The presence of both anti-E2 and GBV-C/HGV RNA was searched for in 1438 serum samples collected from various groups of individuals at low or high risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses (blood donors, organ donors, unselected pregnant women, immunocompetent or immunodepressed multiply transfused patients, HIV-positive or HIV- negative homosexual men, intravenous drug addicts). RESULTS: The presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA and/or anti-E2 (exposure to GBV-C/HGV) was frequent in populations at risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses. GBV-C/HGV appeared also to be sexually transmitted, with transmission from male to female more efficient than vice versa. A particularly elevated level of exposure to GBV-C/HGV was observed in homosexual men. In immunocompetent individuals, the prevalence of anti- E2 was about twice that of GBV-C/HGV RNA, which suggests the frequency of recovery from GBV-C/HGV infection. Most of the GBV-C/HGV RNA- positive individuals had no biochemical evidence of liver damage. CONCLUSIONS: GBV-C/HGV is frequent in populations at risk for blood- borne or sexually transmitted viruses. GBV-C/HGV is not a hepatitis virus, and it seems appropriate to rename it.     

Primary headache care delivery by nonspecialists in Brazil

Headaches are common disorders usually examined by nonneurologists. In order to assess how primary headache patients (IHS groups 1, 2, and 3) are generally managed by nonspecialists, 414 patients were asked about their previous headache care. Correct diagnosis had previously been made in only 44.9%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of the migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache patients, respectively. The patients underwent 501 investigative procedures motivated by the headache, averaging 1.21 examinations per patient, mostly EEGs. Preventive treatment was largely overlooked irrespective of the headache type. It is concluded that scientific improvements in headache care may be ineffective unless educational programs improve headache knowledge in general.     

Amplatzer封堵器的生物学性能及经导管介入治疗房间隔缺损

目的:评价经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗继发孔房间隔缺损的治疗效果。方法:①选择2002-08/2006-04在兰州市第一人民医院心外科住院的继发孔型房间隔缺损65例,男26例,女39例;平均年龄(18±8)岁;平均房间隔缺损直径(19.3±7.2)mm。纳入患者对手术方案知情同意。②手术所用封堵器为美国公司的Amplatzer房间隔缺损封堵器,是一种新型的适于关闭二孔型房间隔缺损的装置,它由具有自膨胀性的双盘及连接双盘的腰部三部分组成。双盘状结构恢复记忆形状后可以稳定封堵房间隔缺损的边缘部分,降低残余分流的发生率。③根据选择封堵器大小的方式(即球囊测量或经胸超声心动图直接观察)将患者分为球囊测量组38例和经胸超声心动图测量组27例。均在透视及经胸超声心动图监视下经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器封堵房间隔缺损。同时测量患者缺损扩张直径、封堵器大小,记录X射线透视时间和手术时间。④术后即刻、24h、3个月及1年分别行经胸超声心动图、心电图及X射线检查评价治疗效果。⑤超声心动图显示完全无分流为无分流;残余分流血流宽度≤1mm为微量分流;血流宽度1.0～2.0mm为少量残余分流;血流宽度2～4mm为中量残余分流;血流宽度>4mm为大量残余分流。⑥组间计量资料差异比较采用两个独立样本t检验,组间手术效果比较采用两个独立样本的等级资料秩和检验。结果:①技术成功率:65例房间隔缺损患者,64例封堵器置入成功,技术成功率为98%。②选择封堵器直径:球囊测量组缺损扩张直径为(20.4±6.1)mm,选择的封堵器直径为(21.6±5.7)mm,与经胸超声心动图测量组相近[(22.5±4.3),(25.1±4.9)mm,P>0.05]。③术后残余分流情况:术后即刻经胸超声心动图显示,球囊测量组35例完全无分流,经胸超声心动图组有23例,差异不明显(P>0.05);术后24h,球囊测量组36例完全无分流,经胸超声心动图组有24例,差异不明显(P>0.05);术后3个月,球囊测量组37例完全无分流,经胸超声心动图组有25例,差异不明显(P>0.05);术后1年完成随访的52例患者均未见封堵器移位及房间隔缺损再通。④X射线平片检查:全部显示肺血减少,右心房、室缩小。结论:封堵器直径比球囊测量的房间隔缺损扩张直径大1.0～2.0mm,比超声心动图测量的大2～6mm封堵效果好,成功率高。     

In-111-labeled white blood cell uptake in noninfected closed fracture in humans: prospective study

Since indium-111 white blood cell (In-111 WBC) scintigraphy is often used to evaluate for osteomyelitis in bone fractures, it is important to know if noninfected fractures have In-111 WBC uptake. Twenty-seven noninfected closed fracture sites in 19 patients were prospectively evaluated with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy and In-111 WBC scintigraphy. In-111 WBC uptake was present in 41% of the 27 sites. In the 11 positive sites, the In-111 WBC uptake was 1+ (definite but minimal) in 55%, 2+ (moderate) in 36%, and 3+ (marked) in 9%. The visual intensity of the radioactive uptake on In-111 WBC scintigrams relative to that on bone scintigrams was less in 82%, equal in 9%, and greater in 9%. The visual size of the area of uptake on In-111 WBC scintigrams and bone scintigrams was smaller in 36%, equal in 55%, and greater in 9%. Factors that may help distinction of In-111 WBC uptake due to fracture alone from infection associated with fracture are discussed.     

Prescribing strengthening exercises for my patients: which equipment should I select?

This paper examines various devices used in strength building exercise programs. These include free weights, pulley machines, variable resistance weight machines, isokinetic units and elastic tubing and banding. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed and examined from the view point of the health care provider and the suitability of each type of device for prescribed progressive resistance exercise programs for patients. In addition to such practical aspects such as cost and maintenance, biomechanical factors, types of contraction elicited, ease of patient instruction and proprioception benefits are also compared in order to assist the clinician in selecting the most appropriate equipment for each individual patient.     

Use of risk stratification to target therapies in patients with recent onset arthritis; design of a prospective randomized multicenter controlled trial

Background  

Early and intensive treatment is important to inducing remission and preventing joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. While intensive combination therapy (Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs and/or biologicals) is the most effective, rheumatologists in daily clinical practice prefer to start with monotherapy methotrexate and bridging corticosteroids. Intensive treatment should be started as soon as the first symptoms manifest, but at this early stage, ACR criteria may not be fulfilled, and there is a danger of over-treatment. We will therefore determine which induction therapy is most effective in the very early stage of persistent arthritis. To overcome over-treatment and under-treatment, the intensity of induction therapy will be based on a prediction model that predicts patients' propensity for persistent arthritis.     

CVA3 Adherence to Hypertension Therapy: The Effect of Initial Drug Choice

Health-care case management places pressure on decision makers to adopt treatment strategies that promote economic efficiency and hence profitability. Traditional costeffectiveness analysis (CEA), where the objective is to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios, can better inform decision making in markets where prices and efficacy vary widely. However, the threshold at which a given therapy becomes economically efficient relative to competing therapies is not evident from cost-effictiveness ratios alone.
OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the use of spatial techniques for identifying efficient treatment options, using statin therapy in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) as a case study.
METHODS: We used a Markov model of CHD epidemiology and treatment to estimate cost-effectivness of 13 statin regimens versus no therapy in secondary prevention of CHD. Comparative efficacy was assessed using data from a recent trial (CURVES) that included these regimens. Patients were assumed to have a history of CHD with risk factors similar to those observed in the trial. CHD event risk was estimated using new subsequent-event risk equations from the Framingham Heart Study. Effectiveness was measured alternatively as gain in life expectancy and CHD events averted.
RESULTS: At usual starting doses, atorvastatin therapy provided the largest life expectancy gain and CHD event avoidance at the lowest cost per life-year gained ($12,900 and $23,400 for men and women, respectively), followed by simvastatin ($17,700 and $31,700), lovastatin ($18,800 and $33,700), pravastatin ($22,600 and $40,200), and fluvastatin ($23,800 and $42,000). Any desired level of effectiveness can be obtained at lowest cost with atorvastatin.
CONCLUSION: Economic efficiency is enhanced when atorvastatin is used to treat some or all patients requiring statin therapy in secondary prevention of CHD.