Clobetasol vs. testosterone in the treatment of lichen sclerosus of the vulvar region]

The paper describes a study carried out in 40 patients affected by lichen sclerosus (LS) of the vulva. The mean age of patients was 60.9 years (range 27-83) and 31 were in menopause. Patients were divided randomly into two groups of 20. The symptoms (itching, burning, pain, dyspareunia), clinical aspects (atrophy, hyperkeratosis, sclerosis) and histological alterations (atrophy of the epithelium, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis) were quantified in each patient by a score. The mean scores relating to the three parameters examined were then calculated for each group. One group was treated with testosterone propionate 2% and the other with a strong synthetic corticosteroid, clobetasol dipropionate 0.05%. After 24 weeks of treatment patients were again evaluated in relation to clinical (symptoms and clinical aspects) and histological parameters, following the procedure used before the start of treatment. The mean scores obtained were then compared with those before the start of treatment. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test. Testosterone was found to be effective in relation to symptoms but no significant change was observed in relation to clinical aspects and histological alterations. It also caused major secondary effects which led to the suspension of treatment in one patient. Clobetasol was shown to be highly effective both in relation to symptoms and in terms of clinical aspects and histological alterations, and did not cause any noteworthy collateral effects, especially contact dermatitis. In the context of the objective parameters examined in this study, sclerosis and hyperkeratosis were easily modified by corticosteroid treatment in comparison to atrophy, especially in those patients with a longer duration of disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Surgical bypass of the systemic atrioventricular valve in children by means of a valved conduit

The surgical approach to relief of mitral stenosis in children is still a controversial problem. We describe our experience with four severely symptomatic children in whom a valved conduit from the left atrium to the left ventricle was successfully used to bypass a hypoplastic systemic atrioventricular valve. A left atrial-left ventricular extracardiac conduit was implanted in these patients with a hypoplastic mitral anulus and an adequate left ventricular chamber. There were no early or late deaths. Postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in all patients 1 month after the operation showed reduced size of the left atrium, a reduction of the left atrial-left ventricular gradient from a mean of 14 mm Hg to a mean of 5 mm Hg, and an increase of the left atrial outlet from a mean diameter of 10.7 mm to 28.7 mm (including the diameter of the native mitral valve plus the internal diameter of the valved conduit). The application of this unconventional operation in children with congenital or acquired stenosis of the systemic atrioventricular valve should be considered when the mitral valve obstruction cannot be relieved by conventional valve repair or replacement. Furthermore, the left atrial-left ventricular conduit does not preclude future alternative surgical options.     

Nutritional status of the elderly in Naples

Nutritional status (anthropometry, food habits, thiamin and riboflavin status) has been evaluated in 136 (70 males and 66 females) free living healthy elderly individuals (age range 65-69 yrs) from the district of San Carlo Arena that can be considered representative of the sociocultural and economic level of the city of Naples. By assuming as reference values those of middle aged individuals, 50 percent of elderly men and 85 percent of elderly women showed different degree of excess body fat. As far as food habits are concerned legumes, vegetables and fruit daily intake was quite high whilst alcohol consumption was low. Furthermore milk and eggs intake was low and infrequent. Although prevalence of excess body weight was high, total daily energy intake was found to be equal or slightly above dietary recommendations for the elderly. Diet composition showed a high protein intake whilst CHO and fat intake was slightly below recommendations. Micronutrients' intake was insufficient for calcium in 10 percent of both males and females and for iron in 20 percent of men and 40 percent of women. Niacin intake was low in about 50 percent of both men and women. Thiamin nutritional status was found low in 20 percent of men and women and riboflavin status in 40 percent of men and 20 percent of women. In conclusion obesity and overweight are very frequent in an urbanized sample of free living healthy elderly individuals of Naples. On the other hand serum calcium and iron and some vitamin deficiency is not uncommon. The composition of the diet seems to be also poor in some micronutrients.     

The ultraviolet derivative spectrophotometric determination of neutral liposome-entrapped beta-lactam antibiotics

A simple, non-invasive spectrophotometric assay to measure the concentration of some beta-lactam antibiotics in turbid solutions containing liposomes was carried out. Since zero-order spectra gave strong interference because of sample turbidity, derivative spectrophotometry was used to enhance the spectral details. Derivative spectra showed bands in the ultraviolet region due to the presence of the cephalosporin and penicillin beta-lactams. A linear relationship between derivative amplitudes and antibiotic concentration was found when antibiotic-containing liposome solutions were measured. A saturative trend in the liposome-encapsulation was observed. The antibiotic entrapment was lowered by increasing the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio in the mixture used for liposome preparation. After treatment of antibiotic-loaded liposomes with beta-lactamase, a hydrolytic enzyme specific for beta-lactams, the remaining antibiotic concentration decreased significantly, showing that some of the antibiotic was retained on the outer surface of the vesicles.     

Relationship between maternal- and fetal-specific IgE

AIM: A positive correlation between maternal and cord-blood IgE levels is well documented for total IgEs, but not for specific IgEs. The difficulty in detecting specific cord-blood IgEs is due to their low concentrations, which hinder their dosage by low-sensitivity methods. The study aimed to correlate maternal and foetal specific IgEs against individual cow's milk proteins, detected by highly sensitive and specific techniques. METHODS: Cow's milk specific IgE detection was performed by chemiluminescence on 52 specimens of maternal and cord blood after cow's milk protein separation by 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis. Cow's milk protein (CMP) antigens were identified by mass spectrometry techniques. RESULTS: Specific IgEs for CMPs were found in 25/52 (48.1%) of maternal sera and in 19/52 (37%) of cord-blood sera. In order of decreasing frequency, the proteins found were BSA, IgG heavy chain, caseins and, in a single case, b-lactoglobulin. Positive cord-blood sera in all cases corresponded to a positive maternal result, and maternal and foetal immunoreactivity patterns were closely correlated. Moreover, in no case was there a positive cord-blood response with a negative maternal response. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates a close relationship between maternal and cord-blood specific IgE patterns. The phenomenon observed could provide a model to elucidate the general production method of foetal IgEs, which might only be produced in the presence of both the corresponding maternal IgE and the related allergen.     

Validating screening instruments for neuroepidemiologic surveys: experience in Sicily. Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiologic Study (SNES) Group.

In a hospital setting in Sicily, we assessed a screening instrument developed for a prevalence survey of parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathies, stroke, and epilepsy. The subjects consisted of (1) hospital patients with any of the above-mentioned diseases, to investigate sensitivity; and (2) hospital visitors free of all these diseases, to investigate specificity. The standard for comparison was a clinical evaluation based on specified criteria. Trained interviewers administered the screening instrument, asking subjects to answer symptom questions and to perform simple physical tasks. For the questions and tasks together, the sensitivity estimates were 100% for parkinsonism (n = 21), 96% for peripheral neuropathies (n = 22), 96% for stroke (n = 22), and 96% for epilepsy (n = 22), while the specificity estimate was 86% (n = 21). Analogous estimates were computed for the set of questions, for the set of tasks, and for each question and task individually. Despite limitations in our approach, we concluded that the screening instrument would be adequate for its intended use.     

High serum levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐8 in severe asthma: markers of systemic inflammation?

BACKGROUND: Severe asthma is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. Blood cytokines, markers of 'systemic' inflammation, may be a feature of amplified inflammation in severe asthma. OBJECTIVE: To detect differences in IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-16 and IL-13 levels in the serum(s) of stable severe and mild-moderate asthmatics related to blood leucocytes proportion, airway calibre and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels. METHODS: We assessed cytokine serum levels by ELISA and blood leucocyte counts by an alkaline peroxidase method in 20 healthy controls, 22 mild-moderate [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)(%pred): 89+/-3] and 14 severe asthmatics [FEV1(%pred): 49+/-2]. RESULTS: IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in severe asthmatics than in mild-moderate asthmatics or in controls (P<0.05). No differences in IL-16 and IL-13 levels were detected. Severe asthmatics showed higher circulating neutrophil and eosinophil number than controls (P<0.05). In severe asthmatics, exhaled NO levels were superior than in controls (P<0.05), but inferior than in mild-moderate asthmatics (P<0.05). We found positive correlation between TNF-alpha levels and exhaled NO (r=0.67; P=0.01) or circulating neutrophil counts (r=0.57; P=0.03) in severe asthmatics. CONCLUSION: sTNF-alpha and sIL-8 are markers of 'systemic' inflammation in severe asthmatics, in conjunction with augmented circulating neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of neutrophil-derived cytokine pattern in severe asthma.