影响乳糖酸阿奇霉素效价因素分析

目的为提高乳糖酸阿奇霉素的效价指标,从而提高该产品质量。通过实验研究成盐反应过程各种参数对乳糖酸阿奇霉素效价的影响选择出最佳工艺条件,如控制成盐温度、终点PH值和反应时间,控制制备乳糖酸的PH值等工艺参数。用于指导大生产,使大生产中乳糖酸阿奇霉素的效价有很大的提高,提高了质量。经大生产实践,实验获得的工艺条件是最佳效价控制条件,达到了提高效价的目的。     

阿莫西林钠中2-乙基己酸含量测定

目的：建立一种气相色谱法测定原料药阿莫西林钠中二乙基己酸有机溶剂残留量。方法：选正戊酸作内标物,在极性弹性石英毛细柱上进行组分分离,效果良好。柱温：140℃进样口温度：200℃检测器温度：250℃。结果：平均回收率2-乙基己酸100．1％。结论：该方法克服了进样量不准确的缺点,重现性好,精度高。     

Hepatitis C immunology

This review summarizes what is currently known about the cellular and humoral immune responses to hepatitis C virus. The results of viral protein immunogenicity studies reported so far are analyzed, and points of controversy about the immunology and immunopathology of hepatitis C are discussed. A body of evidence supports the existence in hepatitis C virus-infected subjects of strong humoral and cellular immune responses. HCV Core, NS3 and NS4 proteins are the most immunogenic antigens for B cells and HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T cells. For its part, liver-infiltrating CD8+ CTL recognize epitopes within the Core, E1, E2/NS1 and NS2 proteins in a HLA class I restricted manner. CTL responses to HCV Core, NS3, NS4 and NS5 have been detected in peripheral blood of patients chronically infected with HCV. Although these B and T cell responses may contribute to clear the virus, in most cases they are unable to resolve chronic HCV infections. No protective B or T cell epitope has been found yet. It is becoming clearer that the immune response plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of liver disease in hepatitis C patients.     

Neoclerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria caerulea.

Five new neoclerodane diterpenoids have been isolated from Scutellaria caerulea: (11S*)-6 alpha-acetoxy-7 beta,11-diisobutiryloxy-1 beta,8 beta-dihydroxy-4(18),13-neoclerodadien-15,16-olide (scuterulein A) (1); (13R*)-1 beta-6 alpha-7 beta-triacetoxy-11 beta-benzoyloxy-8 beta,13-epoxy-4(18)-neocleroden-15,16-olide (scuterulein B) (2); (11S*)-1 beta,6 alpha,11-triacetoxy-7 beta-isobutiryloxy-8 beta-hydroxy-4(18),13-neoclerodadien-15,16-olide (scuterulein C) (3); (11S*)-6 alpha,11-diacetoxy-7 beta-isobutiryloxy-1 beta,8 beta-dihydroxy-4(18),13-neoclerodadien-15,16-olide (deacetyl scuterulein C) (4), and (11E)-6 alpha-acetoxy-7 beta-isobutiryloxy-1 beta,8 beta-dihydroxy-4(18),11,13-neoclerodatrien-15,16-olide (scuterulein D) (5). Structures were established by spectroscopic and chemical methods. An X-ray analysis was carried out on scuterulein B (2).     

炎琥宁原料药HPLC含量测定方法研究

目的建立炎琥宁原料药HPLC含量测定方法。方法采用Lnertsil ODS-3柱(5μm 250×4.6mm),乙腈—磷酸盐缓冲液45:55为流动相,检测波长251nm。结果炎琥宁在50～500μg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.99997。平均回收率为99.39%(RSD为0.4)。结论本法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于炎琥宁的质量控制。     

An inter- and intra-laboratory comparison of breath ¹³CO₂analysis

BACKGROUND: 13C breath test analysis requires accurate 13CO2 measurements. AIM:: To perform a multicentre study to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of breath 13CO2 analysis. METHODS: Two series of 25 paired randomly coded tubes (each consisting of 23 13CO2-enriched breath samples and two samples of standard reference pure CO2 with certified delta 13CPDB) were sent to participating centres for 13CO2 measurement. Each series of tubes was analysed 10 days apart. The repeatability and reproducibility of 13C measurements was assessed by Mandel's k and h statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-two centres participated in the study: 18 showed good inter- and intra-laboratory variability, whilst four showed abnormally high inter- or intra-laboratory variability. Breath test results were also significantly affected by the accuracy of the 13C analytical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: A low accuracy of 13C measurements may significantly affect the results of breath tests, leading to inappropriate clinical decisions. Standardization of 13C analysis is required to guarantee optimal 13C measurements and accurate 13C breath test results.     

青霉素高产菌株的推理选育

目的：筛选一株优良的抗生素产生菌。方法：通过人为诱变来动摇产生菌原有的严密控制机制。结果：得到一种抗生素生物合成能力异常的突变株。结论：此方法可过量合成人们所期望的抗生素。     

盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的稳定性研究

目的：考察盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的稳定性。方法：通过影响因素(强光照射、高温、高温)，加速和留样考察实验，以含量为测定指标，考察胶囊的含量变化。结果：在温度40℃、60℃、光照3500LX及RH75％等因素影响下，胶囊的含量无明显变化。结论：在25℃时，通过经典恒温加速试验推测盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的失效期为2年。     

MyomiRs在维甲酸诱导舌发育异常中对舌肌分化调控的机制研究

目的：检测维甲酸（Retinoic acid, RA）诱导小鼠胚胎腭裂模型中胎鼠舌体发育过程中肌相关microRNAs（MyomiRs）、成肌调节因子（Myogenic regulatory factors,MRFs）以及Pax基因的表达变化,探究MyomiRs在舌肌分化过程中的调控作用,推测RA致胎鼠腭裂伴发舌异常的可能机制。方法：建立RA诱导小鼠胚胎腭裂模型,分别在E13.5、E14.5、E15.5收集胎鼠舌体组织,用SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR检测舌体中MRFs和Pax基因的表达;用TaqMan探针实时定量PCR检测舌体中MyomiRs的表达。结果：胎鼠舌体发育过程中,正常组miR-1和miR-206相对表达量均持续上升,RA诱导组二者变化趋势与正常组相似,但相对表达量均低于正常组,miR-1的结果在E14.5和 E15.5具有统计学意义（P<0.01）,miR-206的结果在E13.5具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。正常组和RA诱导组胎鼠舌体中MyoD和Myf5相对表达量都在E14.5达到峰值,随后下降。RA诱导组MyoD的表达在E14.5显著低于正常组（P<0.05）,在E15.5显著高于正常组（P<0.01）;RA诱导组Myf5的表达在E15.5显著低于正常组（P<0.05）。正常组和RA诱导组胎鼠舌体中Pax3表达均在E14.5达到峰值,Pax7表达均在E15.5达到峰值。RA诱导组Pax3的表达在E14.5显著高于正常组（P<0.05）;Pax7的表达则在E13.5显著高于正常组（P<0.01）。结论：在舌肌分化过程以及RA诱导腭裂胎鼠的舌发育异常中,miR-1/miR-206与Pax3/Pax7及Myf5/MyoD的表达趋势具有相关性。RA可能通过下调miR-1/miR-206而靶向上调Pax3/Pax7,进而下调MyoD/Myf5表达,从而抑制舌肌分化,导致舌肌发育异常。