Induktionschemotherapie zur Evaluation einer definitiven Radiochemotherapie bei Patienten mit Larynxkarzinomen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Sonographie der Nieren und Nierengefäße

Renal ultrasonography has become the standard imaging modality in the investigation of kidneys because it displays excellent anatomic detail, requires no special preparation of the patient and does not expose the patient to radiation or contrast agents. Ultrasonography is used to determine the site and size of the kidney and to detect focal lesions like tumors, cysts and renal stones. Furthermore the presence and urodynamic relevance of hydronephrosis can reliably be revealed. Also renoparenchymatous diseases are discernible to the experienced investigator, however most glomerular diseases cannot be further subclassified. Exceptions are primarily renovascular disorders like hypertensive nephrosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy or renal vasculitis. Color Doppler sonography allows the detection and quantification of renal artery stenosis, increased resistance index values may indicate irreversible disease. Ultrasonography has also been found of value in the evaluation of renal transplant kidneys. Especially in the early transplant course potentially fatal but reversible diseases like renal vein thrombosis or urinomas are detected with high sensitivity. In the long term, an increased resistance index value may also predict allograft failure.     

Cholelithiasis: Therapeutisches Splitting als Standard?

At the moment, therapeutic splitting is still regarded by the vast majority of surgeons as the gold standard for stones in the common bile duct. Endoscopic clearance of the duct certainly is much less invasive than open exploration. However, this does not apply when compared with laparoscopic stone removal. Both are equivalent in respect to stone clearance rates, but the laparoscopic techniques protect patients from the long-term sequelae of endoscopic papillotomy. This can be important particularly for younger patients. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration is cost-effective and safe. Special experience in laparoscopic surgical techniques, however, is mandatory. Thus, surgeons should intensify their training in laparoscopic bile duct exploration in order to increase the acceptance of these techniques.     

Ovulationshemmer bei Risikogruppen

Severe adverse effects during the use of ovulation inhibitors occur mostly in women who have an elevated risk for the development of certain diseases owing to hereditary or acquired factors. By means of a careful personal or family history analysis as well as specific laboratory examinations, an existing predisposition may frequently be diagnosed and the individual risk associated with the use of oral contraceptive inhibitors may be estimated. The present contribution describes the potential effects of treatment with ovulation inhibitors on women with thrombophilia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, overweight or underweight, tumors, psychiatric and neurological diseases and autoimmune disease. The hormonal methods and non-hormonal alternatives available for contraception are elucidated according to existing lesions and risk factors and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.     

Chronische Ulzerationen einer Gesichtshälfte

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