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Neurosurgery has traditionally been at the forefront of advancing technologies, adapting new techniques and devices successfully
in an effort to increase the safety and efficacy of brain and spine surgery. Among these adaptations are surgical robotics.
This paper reviews some of the more promising systems in neurosurgical robotics, including brain and spine applications in
use and in development. The purpose of the discussion is twofold—to discuss the most promising models for neurosurgical applications,
and to discuss some of the pitfalls of robotic neurosurgery given the unique anatomy of the brain and spine. 相似文献
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Graph algorithms previously developed by the authors are adapted to simulate pedigrees similar to those used in genetic linkage studies which associate disease phenotypes with specific genomic locations. Pedigrees are chosen uniformly at random from the set of those with specified numbers of individuals and matings and which contain no loops. Summary statistics from pedigrees generated in this way can be used to check real pedigrees for anomalies due to biased sampling or phenotypic effects on the pedigree structure. 相似文献
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Chris Fussman David Todem Johannes Forster Hassan Arshad Radvan Urbanek Wilfried Karmaus 《The Journal of asthma》2007,44(2):99-105
The effect of cow's milk consumption on childhood asthma has been debated for several years. This study attempts to provide further insight into this association through the use of a longitudinal study design. Newborns from parents with atopic history were recruited from Germany, Austria, and England (n = 696). For five repeated ascertainments, information was collected on cow's milk exposure, incidence of doctor-diagnosed asthma, and confounders. Generalized estimation equations, incorporating different models (concurrent, delayed, combined, and reverse causation), were used to determine this association. No association between cow's milk consumption and childhood asthma was found for the concurrent effects model (OR = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55, 1.20). In the delayed effects model, the direction of the association varied with time of follow-up. Thus, we stratified by period, which resulted in a significant protective delayed effect at 36 months (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.49). However, reverse causation negated this finding since the presence of asthma in prior months led to a reduction in further exposure to cow's milk (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.99). Hence, cow's milk consumption does not protect against childhood asthma. The apparent protection of cow's milk against asthma may result from parents of asthmatic children avoiding cow's milk, rather than actual prophylaxis. 相似文献