Whole genome association studies for genes affecting alcohol dependence

We applied the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for sibs (S-TDT) and for families with one parent (1-TDT), to the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data set. The combined test is used to screen the whole genome to locate genes responsible for alcohol dependence. This analysis supports the previous finding that the region close to GABRB1 on chromosome 4 might be associated with alcohol dependence. The regions close to D6S474 and D11S1998 are also of particular interest. We found segregation distortion at the GR1K1 locus. The segregation distortion might be due to the binning method used in genotyping at this locus.     

The impact of China's retail drug price control policy on hospital expenditures: a case study in two Shandong hospitals

In China, 44.4% of total health expenditures in 2001 were for pharmaceuticals. Containment of pharmaceutical expenditures is a top priority for policy intervention. Control of drug retail prices was adopted by the Chinese government for this purpose. This study aims to examine the impact of this policy on the containment of hospital drug expenditures, and to analyze contributing factors. This is a retrospective pre/post-reform case study in two public hospitals. Financial records were reviewed to analyze changes in drug expenditures for all patients. A tracer condition, cerebral infarction, was selected for in-depth examination of changes in prices, utilization, expenditures and rationality of drugs. In the two hospitals, a total of 104 and 109 cerebral infarction cases, hospitalized respectively before and after the reform, were selected. Prescribed daily dose (PDD) was used for measuring drug utilization, and the contribution of price and utilization to changes in drug expenditures were decomposed. Rationality of drug use post-reform was reviewed based on published literature. Drug expenditures for all patients still increased rapidly in the two hospitals after implementation of the pricing policy. In the provincial hospital, drug expenditures per patient for cerebral infarction cases declined, but not significantly. This was mainly attributable to reduced utilization. In the municipal hospital, drug expenditure per patient increased by 50.1% after the reform, mainly due to greater drug utilization. Three to five fold higher drug expenditure per inpatient day in the provincial hospital was due to use of more expensive drugs. Of the top 15 drugs for treating cerebral infarction cases after the reform, 19.5% and 46.5% of the expenditures, in the provincial and municipal hospitals, respectively, were spent on drugs with prices set by the government. A large proportion of expenditures for the top 15 drugs, at least 65% and 41% in the provincial and municipal hospitals, respectively, was spent on allopathic drugs without an adequate evidence base of safety and efficacy supporting use for cerebral infarction. Control of retail prices, implemented in isolation, was not effective in containing hospital drug expenditures in these two Chinese hospitals. Utilization, more than price, determined drug expenditures. Improvement of rational use of drugs and correcting the present incentive structure for hospitals and drug prescribers may be important additional strategies for achieving containment of drug expenditures.     

永州市2003—2005年儿童计划免疫接种率调查

目的了解儿童计划免疫现状,为加强计划免疫工作,有效提高接种质量提供依据。方法采取分层随机抽样的方法在全市11个县区每县区抽查4个行政村和1个农贸市场,每村场调查10～30名规定范围的儿童。连续3年。结果BCG、OPV、DPT、MV四苗全程接种率在2003、2004、2005年调查中分别为65.20%、75.54%、91.73%;各单苗接种率由2003年的不足85%提高到2005年的95%;建卡率、建证率和卡疤率也提高到90%以上。结论数据显示,三年来,儿童计划免疫状况得到了改善,各指标逐年提高,到2005年都达到了或接近了90%,但还存在不足。     

PACS系统架构与数字化医院建设

目的探讨在构建图像归档和通讯系统(PACS)中系统构架的设计和实现以及利用PACS实现无胶片化运作的数字化医院.方法PACS系统建设可简单分为规划、实施和运行三个阶段.为了实现医院的无胶片化运作,通过对以下几个方面进行深入的讨论分析:规划阶段的系统结构、配置、功能和接口,实施阶段的工作流程和具体细节以及运行阶段的使用等,进而形成一个行之有效的PACS系统架构.结果基于以上对PACS系统架构的分析,在系统结构上采用前置工作站技术,在功能和接口上符合HL7和DICOM标准接口,在工作流程上遵循IHE体系结构,在运行阶段引入丰富的图像后处理功能,实现了一个有效的PACS系统架构.应用此架构,中山市小榄人民医院实现了彻底的无胶片化运作.结论PACS建设是一项复杂的系统工程,其中PACS系统架构是构建无胶片化运作的数字化医院的关键所在.实际应用结果表明,上述PACS系统架构对实现无胶片化运作的数字化医院是切实可行的.     

高热惊厥合并抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征的研究

【目的】　探讨高热惊厥 (FC)是否会合并抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征 (SIADH) ,FC在 1次病程中再发惊厥是否与合并SIADH有关。　【方法】　测定 74例FC患儿 (其中在病程中无再发惊厥者 46例 ,有再发惊厥者 2 8例 )及 60例有发热但无惊厥的单纯上呼吸道感染者的血钠、尿钠、血和尿渗透压。　【结果】　在 74例FC患儿中检出合并SIADH者 18例 ,单纯上感组中未检出合并SIADH者。合并SIADH的FC患儿 66.67%发生再次惊厥 (12 /18) ,未合并SIADH的FC患儿发生再次惊厥者仅为 2 8.5 7% (16/5 6)。差异有非常显著性 (χ2 =8.40 46,P <0 .0 1)。　【结论】　高热惊厥可以合并SIADH ,合并SIADH的高热惊厥患儿在病程中发生再次惊厥的危险性高于未合并SIADH者。     

湖州市食品中单增李斯特菌的污染状况调查

目的:了解湖州市食品中单增李斯特菌的污染状况。方法:按国标方法,采用进口显色培养基,对食品进行单增李斯特菌的分离、生化鉴定。结果:281份样品中共检出22株,污染率为7.83%。其中冷冻/藏鸡肉中污染率最高,为25.00%。结论:湖州市食品中单增李斯特菌的污染比较严重,应加强对生肉制品等的监督管理,以防食源性疾病的发生。     

医院高温蒸汽灭菌器排水管道锈蚀的原因分析与设计探讨

文章结合中国医学科学院肿瘤医院外科楼地下二层漏水问题,对排水管道锈蚀原因进行了分析,并针对高温蒸汽灭菌器排水管道的设计与施工提出了一些建议。     

上海市社区计划生育综合服务站工作人员紧急避孕知晓程度调查

目的:了解上海市社区计划生育综合服务站工作人员紧急避孕意识和服务水平,探讨社区紧急避孕规范化服务。方法:2010年1月～2010年12月对上海市闵行区和徐汇区25个街道计划生育服务站的275名服务人员进行问卷调查(紧急避孕相关知识及可接受性情况),同时进行紧急避孕专业培训。结果:社区计划生育服务人员均知道有紧急避孕,但在工作中应用比例为38.5%,73.8%调查对象知道紧急避孕的具体方法,能够正确回答紧急避孕使用常见问题的比例有33.87%。社区计划生育服务人员能够区别紧急避孕与常规的避孕方法,而对紧急避孕的局限性、副作用和失败后的处理方法认识还不足。通过紧急避孕专业培训,78.65%服务人员能够正确回答紧急避孕常见问题,同时纠正了原有的一些认识误区,提高了紧急避孕的知晓度和服务意识。结论:社区人口与计划生育服务人员应定期接受紧急避孕知识及技术培训,及时更新知识,提高服务水平。     

医学科研管理人员的管理类型与职业要素研究

根据具体工作表现,将医学科研管理人员分为积极推动型、上传下达型、消极被动型、个体障碍型四种基本管理类型,并解析相应管理类型的管理要素、管理效能和入职素质,从医学科研管理人员和上层决策者两个角度提出了相应的实践与管理建议.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对真性腹主动脉瘤先兆破裂的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像对真性腹主动脉瘤先兆破裂的诊断价值。方法收集12例真忤腹主动脉瘤患者的64层螺旋CT扫描数据,传送至西门子Syngo MMWP VE23A工作站,采用多平面重组（MRP）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VRT）等技术处理。结果全部患者真性动脉瘤位于肾动脉水平以下,CT征象包括瘤体直径增加、主动脉壁连续性中断、附壁血栓形成。结论64层螺旋CT血管成像是一种无创、快速的检查方法,为临床诊断、治疗腹主动脉瘤提供了重要信息。