Tuberculosis in East Sussex. I. Outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964-1984)

The history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in East Sussex are described. Since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. The epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. There was no evidence of endemic Mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in East Sussex in recent years, but a low risk of infection for cattle on the South Downs, from badgers, was apparent.     

Brucella phagotypes : Their relation to the spread of infection in Italy

The spread of Brucella infection in man in Italy during the last three years is briefly reviewed with reference to the Brucella strains collected and typed.The strains were tested by H₂S production, dye-inhibition, agglutination by monospecific sera, and sensitivity to a phage set. From 108 tested strains, 91 have been identified by means of the traditional tests as Br. melitensis, sometimes with some irregularities, 10 as Br. abortus, while 7 were not typable.It was possible to recommend some phage sensitivity patterns of Br. melitensis for epidemiological purposes: one phagotype is much more frequent in the north, another in the south of Italy.However, the currently recommended phagotypes must be considered provisional and will be modified in the light of more extensive studies.Corresponding author.     

Comparison of two in vitro methods of bone lead analysis and the implications for in vivo measurements

Atomic absorption spectrometry and x-ray fluorescence have been used to determine the lead content of metatarsal and tibia bone samples. For a range of bone lead levels from 6.5 to 83 micrograms g-1 of ashed bone there is no evidence of a systematic difference between the two techniques of more than 1 microgram g-1. There is, however, some evidence that random differences between the two in vitro analyses applied to the same bone sample are larger than can be accounted for by known measurement uncertainties. Variations in bone composition could account for these differences. Because the x-ray fluorescence technique is applied in an identical way to in vivo analysis, it is concluded that the uncertainties in in vivo measurements are small.     

Silicosis in a grey iron foundry. The persistence of an ancient disease

An industrial hygiene and medical survey was conducted in an iron foundry to study the occurrence of silicosis. Breathing zone exposures to respirable crystalline silica had been very high in 1977 [1 045 micrograms/m3 (geometric mean) for coremakers and 198 micrograms/m3 for fettlers]; exposures in 1980 and 1982 were substantially lower. A radiographic evaluation of 188 workers revealed silicosis in 18 (9.6%). Eight had category 1 profusion of small rounded pulmonary lesions (by the 1980 classification of the International Labour Office); two had category 2; and eight had category 3. Two had progressive massive fibrosis. Four workers without silicosis in 1977 had developed lesions by 1980. The prevalence increased from 1.5% among workers employed less than 20 years to 53% among longer term workers. No association was found between the prevalence of silicosis and cigarette smoking. Chronic cough was more common in workers with heavy current dust exposure than in those with light exposure, more common in smokers than in nonsmokers, and more common in silicotics than in nonsilicotics. A multiplicative interaction existed between dust exposure and smoking in the etiology of cough. Silicosis continues to exist in American foundries. Cigarette smoking does not contribute to the causation of silicosis, but it aggravates the attendant respiratory symptoms.     

Inhibitory effect of nifedipine on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction in man

A prospective study was performed on seven male and eight female patients with normal hepatobiliary findings to investigate the effect of 20 mg nifedipine on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction. Each patient received 1 IDU (Ivy dog unit) cholecystokinin per kg body weight intravenously on two consecutive days, with additional administration of 20 mg nifedipine sublingually on the second day. Gallbladder volumes were assessed by ultrasonography over a period of 25 minutes. Cholecystokinin induced a maximal reduction in the mean initial volume of 56.8 +/- 3.6%. After nifedipine, this volume change was significantly reduced to 30.9 +/- 5.1% (p less than 0.001). Thus our data suggest for the first time that the calcium-channel-blocking agent nifedipine can have an effect on human gallbladder kinetics.     

Epileptic patients refractory to drug therapy

We compared two groups of patients with idiopathic epilepsy, 41 patients whose seizure frequency was not controlled by adequate therapy and 39 patients in good seizure control, in respect of hematology, kidney and liver function tests, serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations and drug concentrations. The only difference that emerged were in the serum immunoglobulins, which were raised in the drug refractory group, significantly (p less than 0.01) so in the case of IgG. Failure of seizure control did not depend on inadequacy of drug dose or of blood concentration. Although the serum Ig changes do not warrant the assumption of an immunological origin for drug resistance, they do suggest a useful research line.