Possibility of spontaneous seeding of transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter in renal tubules: Another mechanism of transitional cell carcinoma dissemination

Cancer cell seeding inside the urinary tract always has been considered one possible mechanism of the multicentric origin of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). However, there is still no direct clinical evidence to prove that the natural seeding of TCC is a real event. To our knowledge, we report the first case of spontaneous seeding of TCC of the ureter in the renal tubules of a hydronephrotic kidney. The TCC nature of the intratubular tumor cells has been confirmed by the morphological appearance of them after hematoxylin and eosin staining and positive p53 immunohistochemical staining.     

雌/孕激素对垂体黄体生成素(LH)细胞的形态学影响

确定外源性性激素 (不同剂量雌激素、孕激素和孕激素配伍雌激素 )影响垂体黄体生成素 ( L H)分泌变化的细胞形态学特征。方法 :应用特异性 r L Hβ抗体和 ABC亲和组织化学方法显示垂体 L H细胞 ,结合计算机图像分析系统观察和测定不同剂量雌激素、孕激素和孕激素配伍雌激素对垂体 L H细胞大小、细胞内液泡大小和细胞形状等形态参数的影响。结果 :不同类型性激素使去卵巢后增大的 L H细胞恢复至正常细胞的大小范围 ,但在不同性激素影响下 ,L H细胞内最终的激素水平和相应的细胞形态特征是不同的。低剂量雌激素使 L H细胞内大量贮存的激素处于易释放状态 ,细胞内出现大小不等的液泡。大剂量雌激素抑制 L H的大量贮存 ,细胞内充满分泌颗粒 ,很少液泡结构。孕激素使细胞内激素大量贮存但处于不易释放状态 ,细胞内含有大量分泌颗粒和少量液泡结构。孕激素配伍雌激素抑制细胞内 L H的大量贮存和释放 ,但细胞形状较大剂量雌激素作用组规则 ,细胞内除分泌颗粒外也存在少量液泡。结论 :雌 /孕激素均能逆转去卵巢后 L H的过量分泌 ,并使 L H细胞呈现正常生理变化范围内的不同细胞形态变化。     

Polypharmacy increases the risk of Parkinson's disease in older people in Taiwan: A population‐based study

Background: Little is known about the relationship between polypharmacy and Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that polypharmacy increases the risk of PD in older people in Taiwan. Methods: From a randomly sampled cohort of one million health insurance enrollees, we identified 2827 new cases of PD over the period 2000–2008 aged ≥65 years and selected 11 308 age‐matched controls without PD. Medication history and baseline comorbidities were compared between the two groups. We defined ‘polypharmacy’ as an average daily use of five or more prescribed drugs. Results: Compared with patients using between none and one drug, the odds ratios (ORs) for PD increased to 1.53, 2.08, 2.64, and 2.95 for patients using two to four, five to seven, eight to nine, and ≥10 drugs, respectively. The other conditions associated with PD were dementia (OR 3.43), stroke (OR 2.30), depression (OR 2.15), and alcoholism (OR 2.11). Hyperlipidemia (OR 0.90) was inversely associated with PD. Conclusions: Polypharmacy was shown to increase the risk of PD in older people in Taiwan, with risk increasing with the number of medications taken daily. Dementia, stroke, depression, and alcoholism were also associated with an increased risk of PD, whereas there was an inverse correlation between PD and hyperlipidemia.