Neonatal mortality from respiratory distress syndrome: lessons for low-resource countries

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major contributor to neonatal mortality worldwide. However, little information is available regarding rates of RDS-specific mortality in low-income countries, and technologies for RDS treatment are used inconsistently in different health care settings. Our objective was to better understand the interventions that have decreased the rates of RDS-specific mortality in high-income countries over the past 60 years. We then estimated the effects on RDS-specific mortality in low-resource settings. Of the sequential introduction of technologies and therapies for RDS, widespread use of oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure were associated with the time periods that demonstrated the greatest decline in RDS-specific mortality. We argue that these 2 interventions applied widely in low-resource settings, with appropriate supportive infrastructure and general newborn care, will have the greatest impact on decreasing neonatal mortality. This historical perspective can inform policy-makers for the prioritization of scarce resources to improve survival rates for newborns worldwide.     

Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity Evaluation of Novel Unsymmetrical Cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine Derivatives

A library of unsymmetrical cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro. Out of the 46 compounds synthesized, eight compounds ( 11h , 13a , 13e , 13f , 14a , 14c , 14d , and 15d ) were found to be active at or below 6.25 µM concentration, with negligible toxicity to human red blood cells at a concentration much higher than the MIC₉₉. Compound 13a was the best active compound showing inhibition at 3.125–6.25 µM, and was found to be non‐hemolytic up to 500 µg/mL concentration.     

Quinolinyl Pyrimidines: Potent Inhibitors of NDH-2 as a Novel Class of Anti-TB Agents

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Bones and nutrition: common sense supplementation for osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a serious public health concern. Skeletal fragility, leading to spine and hip fractures, is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Adequate calcium intake from childhood to the end of life is critical for the formation and retention of a healthy skeleton. It is important to prevent bone loss from occurring, to identify potential risk factors, and to correct them. Many genetic and lifestyle factors influence the risk for osteoporosis. Among these, diet is believed to be one of the most important, especially the roles of calcium and vitamin D. Deficiency in other dietary factors--eg, protein, vitamin K, vitamin A, phytoestrogens, and other nutrients--might also contribute to the risk for osteoporosis. In this article, the roles of diet and nutritional supplementation in preventing and treating osteoporosis are reviewed.     

Persistence of Cypermethrin and Decamethrin Residues in/on Brinjal Fruits

Residues of cypermethrin and decamethrin were estimated in brinjal fruits by gas liquid chromatography following single application of Cymbush 25 EC @ 43.75 and 87.50 g a.i./ha and of Decis 2.8 EC @ 11.20 and 22.40 g a.i./ha at fruiting stage. The average initial deposits of cypermethrin 0.600 and 1.095 mg kg⁻¹ and of decamethrin 0.430 and 0.900 mg kg⁻¹ were observed for single and double dose, respectively. Residues reached below maximum residue limit (MRL) value of 0.2 and 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ on third and seventh day for cypermethrin and decamethrin, respectively. The half-life values (t_1/2) were worked out to be 1.16, 1.18 days for cypermethrin and 1.33, 1.42 days for decamethrin at single and double dose, respectively following first order kinetics. Washing and washing followed by boiling/cooking processes were found to be effective in reducing the residues of both the insecticides in brinjal fruits. Maximum reduction (31–42%) and (26–37%) was observed by washing followed by boiling/cooking for cypermethrin and decamethrin, respectively.     

The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the immunodiagnosis of human malaria

The sera of 20 malaria (Plasmodium vivax) positive patients were examined for the presence of antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using heterologous P. knowlesi antigen collected from parasitized erythrocytes from a Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). All the samples from malaria patients gave a strong ELISA test. The test was negative or weak with the sera of control subjects.     

Inhibition of DNA synthesis by lonidamine and hyperthermia in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells

Lonidamine (LNA) is antitumor agent that lacks the characteristic properties of antiproliferative drugs and has narrow spectrum of antitumour effects. It is also a hyperthermia sensitizer. Hyperthermia affects on various cellular organelles, and the malignant cells are known to be more sensitive to hyperthermia. The present study examines the in vitro effects of LNA (0.01 and 0.02 mM) and hyperthermia (42 degrees C for 1 and 2 hrs) alone and in combination, on 11 human chronic myeloid leukemia cell samples. The inhibition in incorporation of 3H-thymidine was statistically significant (P less than 0.001) in human CML cells when exposed to the combination of LNA (0.01 and 0.02 mM) with hyperthermia (1 and 2 hrs) compared to the single treatment either at the same concentration of LNA at 37 degrees C or hyperthermia alone. Cytotoxicity was evaluated as the inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the cellular nucleic acid. The drug effects were estimated from the changes in rates of incorporation of precursor into DNA and compared with untreated control samples. Cancer cells were incubated in vitro in the presence of radioactive 3H-thymidine and drug.