Academic Achievement of Children with Epilepsy

The academic achievement scores of 122 children with epilepsy were examined in relation to demographic and clinical seizure variables. As a group, these children were making less academic progress than expected for their age and IQ level. Academic deficiencies were greatest in arithmetic, followed by spelling, reading, comprehension, and word recognition. Results of the multiple regression analyses indicated a modest combined predictive significance of the demographic and clinical seizure variables for academic performance. In addition, the magnitude of these relationships varied by academic area. Among the individual variables examined the strongest correlates of academic performance were age of the child, age of seizure onset, lifetime total seizure frequency, and presence of multiple seizures (absence and tonic-clonic). These results are discussed in relation to developing an understanding of the factors which underlie academic vulnerability in children with epilepsy.     

Management of unruptured intracranial aneurysm in Japan: a Markovian decision analysis with utility measurements based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of individual patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UN-ANs) using a decision-analytic approach. Transition probabilities among Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) categories were estimated from the published literature and data from patients who had been treated at Kitasato University Hospital. Utilities were obtained from 140 health providers based principally on the GOS. Baseline analysis for a healthy 40-year-old man with an anterior UN-AN less than 10 mm in diameter showed that the quality-adjusted life expectancies for preventive operation and follow-up were 15.34 and 14.66 years, respectively. For a follow-up strategy to be preferred, the annual rupture rate had to be as low as 0.9%. These results were sustained through extensive sensitivity analysis. The results support preventive operation for UN-ANs, and identify problems that can be clarified with a well-designed stratified clinical trial.     

The use and cost of HIV service provision in England in 1996. National Prospective Monitoring System (NPMS) Steering Group and NPMS Working Party on Costs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to measure the use and estimate the cost of HIV service provision in England. DESIGN AND SETTING: Standardised activity and case-severity data were collected prospectively in 10 English HIV clinics (5 London and 5 non-London sites) for the periods 1 January 1996 to 30 June 1996 and 1 July 1996 to 31 December 1996 and linked to unit cost data. In total, 5440 patients with HIV infection attended during the first 6 months and 5708 during the second 6 months in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: The mean number of inpatient days per patient-year for patients with AIDS was 19.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.7 to 25.7] for January to June and 20.8 (95% CI: 15.3 to 26.4) for July to December 1996. The mean number of outpatient visits for asymptomatic patients with HIV infection was 14.8 (95% CI: 11.9 to 17.6) and 13.3 (95% CI: 10.8 to 15.7) for the respective periods and 16.1 (95% CI: 13.21 to 18.97) and 15.7 (95% CI: 11.2 to 20.2), respectively, for patients with symptomatic non-AIDS (i.e. symptomatic patients with HIV infection but without AIDS-defining conditions). Substantial centre-to-centre variation was observed, suggesting that many clinics can continue the shift from an inpatient- to an outpatient-based service. Cost estimates per patient-year for HIV service provision for 1996 varied from 4695 Pounds (95% CI: 3769 Pounds to 5648 Pounds) for asymptomatic patients, to 7605 Pounds (95% CI: 6273 Pounds to 8909 Pounds) for symptomatic non-AIDS patients to 20,358 Pounds (95% CI: 17,681 Pounds to 23,206 Pounds) for patients with AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Different combinations of antiretroviral therapy affect the cost estimates of HIV service provision differently. Anticipated reduction in inpatient-related activity through the increased use of combination antiretroviral therapy will further shift service provision from an inpatient- to outpatient-based service and reduce costs per patient-year. The extent and duration of such effects are currently unknown. The long term effects of combination treatment on the morbidity and mortality patterns of individuals infected with HIV are also currently unknown, as are their implications on the use and cost of HIV service provision. Multicentre databases like the National Prospective Monitoring System (NPMS) will provide healthcare professionals with information to improve existing services and anticipate the impact of new developments.     

The role of imperatives in psychopathology: A reply to Ellis

In his recent formulations of rational emotive therapy (RET), Ellis (1985) has increasingly emphasized what he believes to be the central role of necessitous thinking or musturbation in the development of depression. In his most recent article (Ellis, 1987), he suggests that necessitous thinking is the primary cognitive component of depression and that RET stands alone in its recognition of the role of this cognitive element. The present study addressed three issues raised by Ellis's paper: (1) Clarify whether necessitous thinking has been neglected by other cognitive theorists, (2) test empirically the role of necessitou thinking in depression relative to other established cognitive constructs, e.g., the cognitive triad (Beck, 1967), and (3) determine whether necessitous thinking is particularly salient in depression as compared with other forms of psychopathology. It was predicted that necessitous thinking would be found in other forms of psychology in addition to depression, and this was confirmed. The results are discussed as highlighting the importance of empirically testing theoretical predictions.From the Foundation for Cognitive Therapy.     

The influence of surface roughness of titanium on beta1- and beta3-integrin adhesion and the organization of fibronectin in human osteoblastic cells

Mechanisms of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix formation are primary processes in the interaction with the material surface of an implant which are controlled by integrin receptors. The aim of our study was to find out whether beta1- and beta3-integrins of osteoblastic cells sense the surface topography of titanium, and if structural alterations of integrin adhesions were involved in the organization of fibronectin. Pure titanium surfaces were modified by polishing (P), machining (NT), blasting with glass spheres (GB), and blasting with corundum particles (CB) resulting in increasing roughness. Confocal microscopic investigations revealed fibrillar adhesions of beta1- and alpha5-integrins on P, NT, and GB, but on CB with its sharp edges these integrin subunits did not form fibrillar adhesions. beta3 generally appeared in focal adhesions. We observed aligned fibrillar structures of fibronectin on NT not only on the basal site but interestingly, also on the apical cell surface. In contrast, on CB, fibronectin appeared apically clustered. We suggest that this alignment of fibronectin fibrils depends on the directed actin cytoskeleton and in particular, on the capability of the beta1-integrins to form fibrillar adhesions, which is affected by the surface roughness of titanium.     

SUMO modification of a novel MAR-binding protein, SATB2, modulates immunoglobulin mu gene expression

Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) are regulatory DNA sequences that are important for higher-order chromatin organization, long-range enhancer function, and extension of chromatin modifications. Here we characterize a novel cell type-specific MAR-binding protein, SATB2, which binds to the MARs of the endogenous immunoglobulin micro locus in pre-B cells and enhances gene expression. We found that SATB2 differs from the closely related thymocyte-specific protein SATB1 by modifications of two lysines with the small ubiquitive related modifier (SUMO), which are augmented specifically by the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1. Mutations of the SUMO conjugation sites of SATB2 enhance its activation potential and association with endogenous MARs in vivo, whereas N-terminal fusions with SUMO1 or SUMO3 decrease SATB2-mediated gene activation. Sumoylation is also involved in targeting SATB2 to the nuclear periphery, raising the possibility that this reversible modification of a MAR-binding protein may contribute to the modulation of subnuclear DNA localization.     

Effect of amiloride on electrolyte concentrations and rubidium uptake in principal and mitochondria-rich cells of frog skin

The role of mitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) in transepithelial Na transport was investigated by determining electrolyte concentrations and Rb uptake in individual cells of frog skin epithelium using electron microprobe analysis. Measurements were performed under control conditions and after blocking the transepithelial Na transport with amiloride. Under control conditions, Na and Cl concentrations of MR cells scattered much more than those of principal cells and ranged from a few up to more than 30 mmol/kg wet weight. Rb uptake from the basal side into individual MR cells also showed a large variation and was, on the average, much less pronounced than into the principal cells. In principal cells, amiloride reduced the Na concentration and Rb accumulation. In contrast, no effect was observed upon electrolyte concentration and Rb uptake of MR cells. Rb uptake was correlated to the Na concentration of MR cells both under control conditions and after amiloride. It is concluded that, in contrast to the principal cells, MR cells are not involved in amiloride-sensitive transepithelial Na transport and that their Na/K-pump activity is very low.     

Monoclonal Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi Inhibit Motility and Nucleic Acid Synthesis of Culture Forms

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the surface of epimastigotes and metacylic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, as shown by electron microscopy, agglutination, and immunofluorescence. The antibodies were stage specific but not strain specific. A deleterious effect of the antibodies on T. cruzi culture forms was shown by the drastic reduction of parasite motility and incorporation of nucleic acid precursors. Some fraction of the parasite population, however, was viable and replicated and infected mouse macrophages in culture. The antibodies were found to also mediate complement-induced lysis of culture forms of T. cruzi.