静脉注射丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病药物治疗Meta分析

摘要：目的　分析评价静脉注射丙种球蛋白（IVIG）无反应型川崎病（KD）药物治疗的随机对照研究（RCT）。方法　依据纳入和排除标准,从医学电子数据库中选择相关RCT文献,应用Juni量表进行质量评价,Review Manager 4.2软件进行Meta分析。疗效判断指标为观察期内体温改善和超声心动图检测冠状动脉病变情况。结果用相对危险度（RR）或比值比（OR）及其95%可信区间（CI）表示,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果　共有3篇RCT入选,绘制漏斗图提示可能存在发表偏倚。3篇RCT Meta分析包括再次IVIG治疗组（159例）和糖皮质激素（GCS）治疗对照组（66例）,研究显示,IVIG无反应型KD患儿在静脉应用首剂IVIG无反应后,再次IVIG治疗组在体温恢复方面优于GCS治疗对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（RR = 1.29,95% CI：1.10～1.52,P = 0.002）;但在冠状动脉瘤（CAA）发生率方面两者差异无统计学意义（OR = 0.91,95% CI：0.33～2.49,P = 0.85）。结论　目前已发表的RCT Meta分析结果显示,IVIG无反应型KD患儿在首剂IVIG治疗无反应后,再次应用IVIG治疗较GCS治疗能更有效地控制体温,但两者在CAA发生率方面差异无统计学意义。     

系统性红斑狼疮患儿血清铁蛋白变化及其与病情活动的相关性研究

目的　研究系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患儿血清铁蛋白（SF）变化及临床意义。方法　研究对象为2004—2009年在南昌大学第二附属医院住院的58例SLE患儿,采用化学发光法检测患儿治疗前和治疗后及30名健康体检儿童的SF。结果　SLE患儿SF显著高于对照组,且活动期SF显著高于静止期。SLE患儿治疗后SF明显下降。SLE患儿SF与抗ds-DNA抗体SLE疾病活动性指标（SLEDAI）评分均呈正相关。结论　SLE患儿的SF较健康儿童显著升高,SF与病情活动性呈正相关,可作为诊断儿童SLE有价值的实验室指标。     

Early administration of the second dose of surfactant (beractant) in the treatment of severe hyaline membrane disease

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that administration of the second dose of beractant 2 h after the first one is more effective than 6 h after the initial dose. The inclusion criteria for the recruitment of newborn infants were: age < or = 8 h, birthweight 600-2000 g, gestational age 23-36 wk, need for mechanical ventilation with inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) > or = 0.4 and mean airway pressure (MAP) > or = 7 cmH2O to obtain arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) values between 70 and 80 mmHg, and thoracic X-ray compatible with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Newborns with major congenital malformations, hydrops fetalis or severe pulmonary hypoplasia, or being treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation were excluded. In total, 57 premature newborns were studied, 20 of them below 1000 g, who received 100 mg kg-1 of beractant in 2 aliquots and showed an inadequate response, i.e. after 2 h of the first dose the newborn still needed a FiO2 > or = 0.4 and a MAP > or = 7 cmH2O to achieve a PaO2 > 70 mmHg. The second dose was randomly administered 2 or 6 h from the first one. CONCLUSION: The 2 study groups were comparable except for a higher need of dopamine and seroalbumin in 2-h group. Evolution and complications were similar. Twelve hours after the first dose, the percentage improvement in the arteriolar/alveolar ratio (a/ADO2) in the 2-h group was similar to that in the 6-h group. However, in newborns below 1000 g, 12 h after the first dose the a/ADO2 percentage improvement in the 2-h group was greater than in 6-h group (median of 103.6% vs 16.3%; p = 0.035). In premature infants below 1000 g, it seems reasonable to advance the second dose of beractant if needed.     

Body mass index, triceps skinfold and waist circumference in screening for adiposity in male children and adolescents

Simple anthropometric measurements and indices are the most commonly used tools for assessing body composition. Only a few papers have examined the sensitivity and specificity of the body mass index (BMI) against total body fat percentage (TBF%) from underwater weighing in children and adolescents. The objective of the study was to evaluate the screening performance of BMI, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference for excess TBF%. A total of 175 healthy volunteer males, aged 7.0-16.9 y, participated in the study. TBF% was measured using underwater weighing as the reference method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the value of the three anthropometric measurements as a screening measure for total adiposity. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at several percentile cut-offs for BMI, triceps skinfold and waist circumference. The areas under the ROC curves were also calculated, and were 0.86 for BMI, 0.90 for triceps skinfold and 0.88 for waist circumference. The point on the ROC curve closest to 1 corresponded to the 70th percentile for BMI, to the 75th percentile for triceps skinfold, and to the 70th percentile for waist circumference. Conclusion: BMI, triceps skinfold and waist circumference predicted total fat content well in male children and adolescents.     

儿童类百日咳综合征病原学及临床特征研究

目的　探讨类百日咳综合征的病原学及其临床特点。方法　对2016年2月至2017年12月苏州大学附属儿童医院可疑百日咳住院患儿进行痰百日咳博德特菌聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测、细菌培养、呼吸道病毒抗原及血清肺炎支原体抗体检测。结果　共有197例患儿纳入研究,其中119例（60.4%）百日咳博德特菌PCR检测阳性,78例百日咳检测阴性的标本中,其他病原检测阳性者37例,其中鼻病毒14例（37.8%）,肺炎支原体14例（37.8%）,博卡病毒4例（10.8%）,副流感病毒3型3例（8.1%）,呼吸道合胞病毒1例（2.7%）,流感嗜血杆菌1例（2.7%）。百日咳组患儿的平均年龄、痉挛样咳嗽、鸡鸣样回声、咳后呕吐、阵发性青紫、并发症及肺部体征比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。百日咳组男性患儿的比例（57.1% vs. 35.3%）、白细胞计数［（18.83±11.54）×109/L vs. （12.46±6.01）×109/L］、淋巴细胞计数［（10.62±8.48） ×109/L vs. （6.54±5.13×109/L］明显高于类百日咳组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　鼻病毒和肺炎支原体是引起类百日咳综合征的主要病原,白细胞和淋巴细胞计数可作为临床初步区别百日咳与类百日咳的一个指标。     

Comparative study of computerized dynamic posturography and the SwayStar system in healthy subjects

Conclusion. Excluding the possibility of acoustic neuroma, therapeutic benefits from dextran 40 can be anticipated in a pregnant woman with sudden deafness, leading to significant hearing improvement, without detrimental effect on the mother or fetus. Objective. The aim of this study was to present our experience in the treatment of pregnant women with sudden deafness during the past decade. Methods. From January 1994 to December 2003, 12 pregnant women with sudden deafness were consecutively encountered at the authors’ clinic. With the exception of one patient with acoustic neuroma who underwent craniotomy, six patients were treated with dextran 40 only, while the other five patients preferred no medication, and served as a control group. Each patient underwent audiometry before treatment and at 1 year postpartum. Results. In the dextran group, five (83%) of six patients had hearing improvement 1 year postpartum, compared with one (20%) of five patients in the control group showing hearing improvement; both groups revealed a significant difference. Those receiving intravenous dextran treatment had significant hearing improvement at the frequencies of 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, at 1 year postpartum. In contrast, in those who followed a natural course without medication no significant difference existed in the mean hearing level of each frequency, at 1 year after delivery.     

不同严重程度鼻炎患者尘螨舌下特异性免疫治疗临床效果观察

目的　评估不同严重程度变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis,AR）患儿进行规范化舌下特异性免疫治疗（sublingual immunotherapy, SLIT）的疗效。方法　选取2017年5—12月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院耳鼻喉科就诊的3～14岁对粉尘螨过敏的AR患儿181例, 按治疗方式不同分为对照组（n＝92, 给予常规药物治疗）和SLIT组（n＝89, 给予尘螨特异性免疫治疗）; 采用AR评分标准, 根据患儿鼻部症状总评分（total nasal symptoms score, TNSS）, 将对照组分为轻度组（n＝35）、中度组（n＝28）和重度组（n＝29）;将SLIT分为轻度组（n＝27）、中度组（n＝33）和重度组（n＝29）。收集第6个月、 1年、 2年的随访数据, 分别对患儿进行TNSS、 鼻炎用药评分（total rhinitis medication scores, TRMS）和视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分。结果　（1）治疗2年后, SLIT组与对照组患儿TNSS评分分别为0.61±0.73、 1.61±1.17, TRMS分别为0.21±0.41、 0.59±0.70, VAS分别为0.63±0.70、 1.53±1.24, 两组间差异有统计学意义, Z值分别为6.269、 4.139、5.174, P值均＜0.05; （2）轻度组（n＝62）组内分析： SLIT组（n＝27）与对照组（n＝35）比较, 治疗6个月、 1年, 两组的TNSS、 TRMS、 VAS差异均无统计学意义（Z值分别为-0.108、 0.232、 0.788, 0.774、 0.033、 -0.718; P值均＞0.05）; 治疗2年时两组的TRMS、 VAS差异无统计学意义（Z值分别为0.230、 1.255, P＞0.05）, TNSS在两组间差异有统计学意义（Z值为2.528, P值均＜0.05）; （3）中度组（n＝61）组内分析： 与对照组（n＝28）比较, SLIT组（n＝33）治疗6个月, TRMS、 VAS在两组间差异均无统计学意义（Z值分别为-0.413、 0.412, P值均＞0.05）, 但两组的TNSS差异有统计学意义（Z值为2.397, P＜0.05）; 治疗1年、2年的TNSS、 TRMS、 VAS两组间比较, 差异均有统计学意义（Z值分别为4.952、 2.740、 3.293; 4.743、 2.505、 3.330; P值均＜0.05）; （4）重度组（n＝58）组内分析： 与对照组（n＝29）比较, SLIT组（n＝29）治疗6个月、 1年、 2年的TNSS、 TRMS、 VAS在两组间差异均有统计学意义（Z值分别为2.567、 2.086、 2.781, 4.996、 4.264、 2.756, 4.253、 4.480、 4.515, P值均＜0.05）。结论　采用标准化粉尘螨滴剂舌下治疗尘螨致敏AR患儿, 治疗2年可获得较单纯药物治疗更佳的疗效, 尤其在病情严重患儿,其获益更大。     

儿童反复呼吸道感染合理用药

反复呼吸道感染是儿童常见的临床现象,病情反复发作,影响了儿童的生长发育。由于反复呼吸道感染病因繁杂,儿科医生对本组疾病认识不足,治疗上也常存在一些误区。早期识别导致儿童反复呼吸道感染的潜在病因是正确治疗的前提,同时儿科医生也应合理用药,正确管理本病患儿。     

多重PCR检测方法在儿童流感样病例病原检测中的临床价值（附94例报告）

目的　探讨多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测方法在儿童流感样病例病原检测中的临床应用价值,了解儿童流感样病例病原情况。方法　收集2018年11月至2019年2月北京地区94例儿童流感样病例咽拭子标本,采用多重PCR核酸检测技术测定甲型流感病毒（InfA）、 甲型流感病毒H1N1（InfA-H1N1）、 甲型流感病毒H3N2（InfA-H3N2）、 乙型流感病毒（InfB）、 人副流感病毒、 呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、 人腺病毒（HADV）、 人鼻病毒（HRV）、 人博卡病毒、 人偏肺病毒（HMPV）、 人冠状病毒（HCoV）和肺炎支原体（MP）、 衣原体13种病原核酸。结果　94例标本中78例（82.98%）可测出病原,其中69例（73.40%）检出1种病原,9例（9.57%）检出2种病原; 94例标本中52例（55.32%）检出流感病原,26例（27.66%）检出非流感病原。单一病原检出由多到少为InfA-H1N1 31例,InfA-H3N2 10例,RSV 9例,HMPV 7例,InfA、 HRV、 HADV各3例,InfB、 HCoV及MP各1例。9例检出2种病原的标本中,6例检出流感分别合并其他病毒（HRV、 HADV、 RSV、 HCoV、 HMPV）,1例检出甲流H1N1和H3N2,2例分别检出RSV、 HRV及HCoV、 HADV。结论　非流感病原微生物引起流感样病例并不少见,多重PCR检测有助于全面了解流感样病例的病原和混合感染情况。     

血管舒张反应预测盐酸米多君治疗儿童 血管迷走性晕厥疗效价值研究

目的　通过测定肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张反应（flow-mediated vasodilation,FMD）研究盐酸米多君治疗血管迷走性晕厥（vasovagal syncope,VVS）儿童的疗效预测指标。方法　2009年2月至2009年8月在北京大学第一医院就诊的不明原因晕厥儿童共24例,经直立倾斜试验诊断为VVS,确诊后检测FMD并给予盐酸米多君治疗,1个月后门诊复诊并复查FMD。治疗满3个月后进行电话随访,随访时间10～18个月,平均（14.5±2.3）个月,随访结束时无复发者判为有效,反之无效。采用ROC曲线分析FMD对盐酸米多君治疗VVS患儿的疗效预测价值。结果　VVS患儿经盐酸米多君治疗后FMD较治疗前明显降低［（11.07±3.11）% VS （7.64±1.81）%,P < 0.001］,而治疗前后的平卧心率及收缩压、基础肱动脉内径差异均无统计学意义。随访期间共有5例患儿出现晕厥复发,有效率79.2%。不同疗效的患儿治疗前心率、收缩压及基础肱动脉内径差异均无统计学意义,但治疗有效患儿治疗前FMD明显高于治疗无效患儿［（11.93±2.83）%  VS （7.80±1.63）%,P < 0.01］。采用ROC特征曲线评价FMD预测疗效灵敏度和特异度的结果显示,曲线下面积为0.895,95%置信区间为（0.764,1.026）。以FMD 8.85%作为界值时,对疗效的预测效果较好,灵敏度90%,特异度80%。结论　FMD可作为VVS患儿选用盐酸米多君治疗的预测指标,界值为8.85%时具有较好的灵敏度和特异度。