Mercury from gold minings in the Pantanal of Pocone (Mato Grosso,Brazil)

The Pocone gold minings are situated in the Bento Gomes River Basin, at the border of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Gold-bearing quartz veins are removed from the subsoils, milled with water, centrifuged and the heavier fraction is subsequently mixed with mercury for gold separation. The gold mining activities caused a very intensive landscape change, threatening many environmental processes like sediment control and storage and recycling capacity of mercury. Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence System (CVAFS) was used to determinate total mercury in water, suspended material and sediments from Bento Gomes River, sampled monthly for 1 year. Apart from the fact that mercury concentrations are low in water and bottom sediments, they are slightly higher in relation to background levels measured in the area. The concentration in suspended material is also lower than other rivers with gold mining activities, but the floodplains of the Bento Gomes River act as mercury sinks. Therefore, the discharge of mercury into the Pantanal floodplain should be avoided, in spite of actual contamination of the system being very low.     

Abrogation of IL-3 Requirements and Stimulation of Hematopoietic Cell Proliferationin Vitroandin Vivoby Carboxylic Acids

ABSTRACT: Short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate and propionate, induce fetal globin gene expression and are under clinical investigation in the β-hemoglobinopathies. Limitations of the short-chain fatty acids as therapeutics include their rapid metabolism and a tendency to induce cell growth arrest if administered for prolonged periods. In studies described here, the cellular effects of other inducers of fetal globin, phenoxyacetic acid and derivatives of short-chain fatty acids and cinnamic acids, were investigated in the human erythroid cell line K562, the IL-3 dependent multi-lineage cell line (32D), and in mice and primates. Several test compounds supported 32D cell proliferation despite a 50-fold depletion of IL-3, which resulted in growth arrest and apoptotic death in control cells. The degree of proliferation induced by certain test compounds was similar to the degree of proliferation induced by Erythropoietin and G-CSF in the cells. Eight of ten compounds induced γ globin mRNA in K562 cells. A 2.5 to 6-fold increase in reticulocytosis was observedin vivoin mice treated with two prototype compounds. Pharmacokinetic studies of three prototype compounds demonstrated millimolar plasma concentrations after single oral doses for many hours in primates. These findings identify orally bioavailable compounds which induce γ globin gene expression and hematopoietic cell proliferation through an activity which partially abrogates requirements for IL-3. Such compounds provide potential for oral therapeutics which stimulate proliferation of hematopoietic cells of multiple lineages, as well as inducing fetal globin.     

Toxicity of prolonged exposure to ethanol and gasoline autoengine exhaust gases

A comparative chronic inhalation exposure study was performed to investigate the potential health effects of gasoline and ethanol engine exhaust fumes. Test atmospheres of gasoline and ethanol exhaust were given to Wistar rats and Balb C mice housed in inhalation chambers for a period of 5 weeks. Gas concentration and physical parameters were continually monitored during the exposure period. Several biological parameters were assessed after the exposure including pulmonary function, mutagenicity, and hematological, biochemical, and morphological examinations. The results demonstrated that the chronic toxicity of the gasoline-fueled engine is significantly higher than that of the ethanol engine.     

Functional uncoupling of hemodynamic from neuronal response by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.

The cerebrovascular coupling under neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition was investigated in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to electrical stimulation of the forepaw were measured before and after an intraperitoneal bolus of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), an in vivo inhibitor of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase. Neuronal activity was measured by recording somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) via intracranial electrodes. 7-Nitroindazole produced a significant attenuation of the activation-elicited CBF (P<10(-6)), CBV (P<10(-6)), and BOLD responses (P<10(-6)), without affecting the baseline perfusion level. The average DeltaCBF was nulled, while DeltaBOLD and DeltaCBV decreased to approximately 30% of their respective amplitudes before 7-NI administration. The average SEP amplitude decreased (P<10(-5)) to approximately 60% of its pretreatment value. These data describe a pharmacologically induced uncoupling between neuronal and hemodynamic responses to functional activation, and provide further support for the critical role of neuronally produced NO in the cerebrovascular coupling.     

Tibial hemimelia: report on 37 new cases, clinical and genetic considerations

We report on 37 patients belonging to different families, who have the tibial hemimelia-split hand/foot syndrome. Genetic aspects and phenotypic manifestations are compared with previous reports of tibial hemimelia. An attempt to clinical and genetical approach is suggested.     

Central nervous system site of action for the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the cat

The purpose of our study was to determine whether clonidine exerts its centrally mediated hypotensive action at three sites that influence arterial pressure located in the medulla, specifically associated with the intermediate area of the ventrolateral medulla. The "intermediate area" lies approximately 1.5 mm caudal to the border of the trapezoid body (caudal border) and 4 mm lateral to the midline. One of the sites that influence arterial pressure lies in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis. The second site lies in close proximity to the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis (rLRN) and also near the A1 area. The third site lies in the most rostral area and medial to the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis, that is in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. Unilateral microinjections of 0.22 and 0.43 nmol of clonidine into the rLRN produced dose-dependent decreases in arterial pressure. The 0.43 nmol dose of clonidine had no effect when unilaterally or bilaterally microinjected into either the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis or into the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. Microinjection of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan (16.6 nmol), unilaterally into rLRN had no effect per se, but prevented the hypotensive effect of a subsequent microinjection of clonidine. Similarly, bilateral microinjection of idazoxan into rLRN counteracted the hypotensive effect of i.v. administered clonidine. These data indicate that clonidine acts at alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the rLRN to produce hypotension.     

Effect of two different types of malnutrition on the rate of elimination of ethanol in rats

Rats were fed "3% casein" or a "calorie deficient" diet, in the form of commercial pellet diet (SDS) at 50% of the amount consumed by the control group, which was fed SDS pellets ad libitum. Both of the deficient groups showed failure of weight gain in comparison with the control group. Blood levels of ethanol were measured for 3 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1 or 1.5 g/kg at 15, 29 and 36 days after commencement of the diet. In addition the calorie deficient group was studied immediately after feeding as well as in the fasting state. Blood levels of ethanol were measured and the apparent volume of distribution and rate of removal of ethanol from the blood were calculated. A rate of ethanol metabolism/g of liver was derived. The rate of removal of ethanol was markedly decreased in the 3% casein group to less than half of control values. Three hours after injection of ethanol circulating levels were less than 50 mg/100 ml in the control and calorie deficient groups but over 200 mg/100 ml in the group fed protein deficient diets. There were no major changes in volume of distribution and the only explanation for the finding is that there is a failure of ethanol metabolism in the rats fed the low protein diet. The implication is that protein deficient human populations who often consume considerable quantities of ethanol may have a high level of tissue exposure to ethanol though the rate of metabolite formation may be low.     

Demethylpeceyline, A New Dimeric Indoline Alkaloid from Petchia ceylanica

A new dimeric indoline alkaloid has been isolated from the leaves of PETCHIA CEYLANICA. Its structure has been assigned as 1 on the basis of spectral studies. Its stereochemistry has been established by NOE difference measurements.     

Absence of psychosocial bias in the under-reporting of unintentional childhood injuries.

Bias resulting from under-reporting has been largely ignored by studies that have examined the relationships between psychosocial factors and unintentional childhood injuries. This study was part of a larger investigation that examined associations between psychosocial factors and unintentional childhood injuries in a sample of 781 children. Visits to an accident and emergency department and their general practitioners were used to determine whether the children or their mothers were under-reporters. "Under-reporters" were compared with "reporters" on a variety of family, behavioural, and development factors. The analyses showed that under-reporters did not differ significantly from the remainder of the sample in terms of psychosocial factors central to the main study.