颅骨原发性骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的影像学诊断(附47例分析)

目的 探讨颅骨原发性骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的影像学表现,旨在提高其诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实或征象典型的颅骨骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变47例.结果 47例中,颅骨良性肿瘤22例,其中骨瘤11例,表皮样瘤和表皮样囊肿4例,骨软骨瘤、神经纤维瘤病各2例,海绵状血管瘤、骨样骨瘤、良性纤维组织细胞瘤各1例;颅骨恶性肿瘤6例,其中多发骨髓瘤、血管肉瘤各2例,尤文氏瘤、骨肉瘤各1例;颅骨肿瘤样病变19例,其中骨纤维异常增殖症8例,郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生7例(其中嗜酸性肉芽肿4例,黄色瘤病3例),棕色瘤、畸形性骨炎各2例.结论 颅骨原发性骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变种类繁多,影像学表现各有特征,一般诊断需结合临床和病理.     

球囊后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨球囊后凸成形术对骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的疗效.方法 回顾性随访2005～2007年采用经皮球囊后凸椎体成形术治疗老年人骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折27例,43个椎体,测量术前术后骨折椎体的后凸角度,采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)比较患者术前和术后的疼痛变化.结果 本组病例均能耐受该手术,有5个椎体出现轻度骨水泥渗漏,但患者没有临床症状.术前术后脊柱X线片显示椎体高度有所恢复,脊柱后凸畸形改善,术前椎体后凸角度(19.7±7.2)°,术后(11.6±5.3)°,所有患者疼痛明显缓解,疼痛视觉模拟评分由术前8.0±1.3下降至术后3.7±1.5.结论 球囊后凸成形术能够有效地控制骨折疏松椎体压缩性骨折导致的疼痛,并可以部分恢复椎体高度和脊柱后凸畸形,有利于改善脊柱的功能,提高患者的生活质量.     

Texture-based quantification of pulmonary emphysema on high-resolution computed tomography: comparison with density-based quantification and correlation with pulmonary function test

PURPOSE: To develop a system for texture-based quantification of emphysema on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and to compare it with density-based quantification in correlation with pulmonary function test (PFT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred sixty-one circular regions of interest (ROI) with 16-pixel diameter [66 ROIs representing typical area of normal lung; 69 representing bronchiolitis obliterans (BO); 64, mild emphysema (ME); and 62, severe emphysema (SE)] were used to train the automated classification system based on the Support Vector Machine classifier and on variable texture and shape features. An automated quantification system was developed with a moving ROI in the lung area, which classified each pixel into 4 categories. To validate the system, the HRCT and standard-kernel-reconstructed volumetric CT data of 39 consecutive patients with emphysema were included. Using this system, the whole lung area was evaluated, and the area fractions of each class were calculated (normal lung%, BO%, ME%, SE%, respectively). The emphysema index (EI) of texture-based quantification was defined as follows: (0.3 x ME% + SE%) (TEI). EIs from density-based quantification with a threshold of -950 Hounsfield Units, were measured on both HRCT (DEI_HR_2D) and on volumetric CT (DEI_standard_3D). The agreement between TEI, DEI_HR_2D, and DEI_standard_3D was assessed using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Correlation of the results on the TEI with the PFT results was compared with the results of the DEI_standard_3D and the DEI_HR_2D with Spearman's correlation test. To evaluate the contribution of each texture-based quantification lesion (BO%, ME%, SE%) on PFT, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The calculated TEI (19.71% +/- 17.98%) was well correlated with the DEI_standard_3D (19.42% +/- 14.30%) (ICC = 0.95), whereas the ICC with DEI_HR_2D (37.22% +/- 9.42%) was 0.43. TEI showed better correlation with PFT than DEI_standard_3D or DEI_HR_2D did [R = 0.71 vs. 0.67 vs. 0.61 for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1))/forced vital capacity (FVC); 0.54 vs. 0.50 vs. 0.43 for diffusing capacity (DLco), respectively]. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the BO% and SE% areas were independent determinants of FEV(1)/FVC, whereas the ME% and the SE% were determinants of DLco. CONCLUSION: Texture-based quantification of emphysema using an automated system showed better correlation with the PFT results than density-based quantification. Separate quantification of the BO, ME, and SE areas showed a different contribution of each component to the FEV(1)/FVC and the DLco. The proposed system can be successfully used for detailed regional and global evaluation of lung lesions on HRCT scanning for emphysema.     

MSCT肺血管成像对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT肺血管成像对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值.方法:对24例肺动脉栓塞病例行多层螺旋CT肺动脉成像检查,图像采用1.0mm层厚、0.7mm层间距和0.75mm层厚、0.5mm层间距进行重建,CTPA后处理采用容积再现(VRT)、最大密度投影(MIP)和多平面重建(MPR),对重建的图像进行对照分析、比较优缺点.结果:24例病例中,病变共累及76支肺动脉,其中,主肺动脉6支、肺叶动脉36支、肺段动脉27支、亚段动脉7支.肺动脉栓塞病变显示,1.0mm及0.75mm层厚重建无显著性差异意义.结论:多层螺旋CT肺动脉成像具有安全、快速、无创优点,对肺动脉栓塞诊断特异性强、敏感性高,可作为肺动脉栓塞的首选检查方法.     

16层螺旋CT及图像后处理技术在小肾癌中的应用价值

目的:评价16层螺旋CT三期扫描及图像后处理技术在小肾癌诊断中的价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的16例小肾癌的CT增强扫描表现.结果:16例小肾癌中,增强扫描动脉期13例明显强化,2例轻中度强化,1例呈分隔状强化.实质期及肾盂期强化迅速减退,呈"快进快退"改变;16层螺旋CT肾动脉造影16例小肾癌中,15例显示供血动脉及肿瘤血管.结论:16层螺旋CT三期扫描及图像后处理技术对小肾癌的定性诊断具有重要价值.     

湿润烧伤膏在肿瘤化疗后口腔溃疡的应用

目的：探讨湿润烧伤膏治疗化疗后口腔溃疡的效果。方法：将68例化疗后口腔溃疡患者随机分为实验组（36例）和对照组（32例）。观察组采用湿润烧伤膏治疗，按口腔溃疡程度涂药；对照组采用0．02％洗必泰液治疗。结果：实验组疗效显著优于对照组（P〈0．05），治疗时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：湿润烧伤膏治疗化疗后口腔溃疡安全、有效，值得推广应用。     

具有超压防护功能的机动手术舱室污染物运动扩散的仿真研究

目的:对具有超压防护功能的机动手术舱室污染物运动扩散进行仿真研究,通过空气过滤净化和气流组织设计等方式减少生化污染物的危害,为患者和医生提供安全的舱室环境.方法:应用计算流体动力学方法对具有超压防护功能的机动手术舱室污染物运动扩散进行了仿真研究,分析了在超压防护系统工作前后两种状态下,污染物在室内的运动扩散及其对舱室内人员的影响.结果:在外部气态污染物浓度为5 mg/L的条件下,超压防护系统工作前,在10 s时呼吸区污染物达到最大浓度0.21 mg/L;超压防护系统工作后,在125 s时呼吸区污染物最大浓度达到0.01 mg/L的安全阈值.在整个计算过程中,污染物最大浓时积为0.1 mg·min/L,最小浓时积为0.011 mg·min/L.结论:机动手术舱室超压防护系统可以有效地将其工作前扩散到室内的气态污染物进行稀释,使室内人员周围不产生局部高浓度区,减小污染物对室内人员的影响.     

肠系膜孤立性肿块的CT诊断

目的探讨肠系膜孤立性肿块的CT表现及其诊断和鉴别诊断价值.材料和方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的12例肠系膜孤立性肿块的CT表现.结果间质瘤1例、恶性间质瘤1例、畸胎瘤1例、恶性淋巴瘤2例、脂肪肉瘤1例、恶性神经鞘瘤2例、恶性腹膜间皮瘤1例、平滑肌肉瘤1例和Castleman病1例、肠系膜上动脉瘤1例.术前准确定位11例(11/12),正确判断良、恶性10例(10/12),正确判断病理组织类型6例(6/12).结论CT是诊断肠系膜孤立性肿块的重要影像学手段,能明确肿瘤范围以及肿瘤与周围组织的关系,部分典型病例可明确诊断.     

颅骨生长性骨折的临床分析

目的探讨颅骨生长性骨折（GSF）的临床特点、诊治方法。方法对我院近16年间收治的8例GSF患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果8例均有明确颅脑损伤病史，常见症状表现为头部包块、颅骨缺损及神经功能障碍等，颅骨平片表现以骨折线为长轴的梭形颅骨缺损，CT检查显示包块为蛛网膜囊肿或脑膨出，术中见硬脑膜缺损大于颅骨缺损。结论颅骨骨折和硬脑膜破裂是导致生长性骨折的决定性因素。GSF一经确诊即应行扩大开颅手术，严密修补硬脑膜是手术成功的关键。     

20AA复方氨基酸注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的研究20AA复方氨基酸注射液对细菌内毒素检查试验的干扰情况，建立其细菌内毒素的限量检查方法。方法参照《中国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素凝胶限量检查法进行实验，以不同生产厂家、不同批号的鲎试剂对多批供试品进行干扰试验。结果20AA复方氨基酸注射液经4倍稀释后对检测无干扰作用。结论该制剂可用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔热原检查法控制产品质量，其内毒素限值为含内毒素量应〈1．2EU·ml^-1。