SPan-1 Is a Useful Prognostic Marker for Patients with Stage IV Gastric Cancer Who Underwent Palliative Gastrectomy: A Retrospective Multivariate Study

Background

We retrospectively investigated prognostic factors to be used in selecting the patients with stage IV gastric cancer (GC) who have an unfavorable prognosis after palliative gastrectomy.

Methods

A total of 146 GC patients at stage IV who had undergone palliative gastrectomy were enrolled. Various clinicopathological parameters were evaluated for prognosis.

Results

Surgical morbidity and hospital mortality occurred in 35 (23.9 %) and 4 (2.7 %) patients, respectively. The overall 5-year survival rate and the median survival time were 11.2 % and 13.2 months, respectively. Of the 146 patients, 64 had uncomfortable symptoms associated with GC and 76 had no such symptoms. Of the 64 patients with uncomfortable symptoms, 60 (93.7 %) experienced relief of these symptoms after palliative surgery. Multivariate analysis for patients without uncomfortable symptoms associated with GC revealed that the number of incurable factors and serum SPan-1 level were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusions

Patients with stage IV GC who had multiple incurable factors and a high level of serum SPan-1 might not be candidates for palliative gastrectomy for the purpose of prognostic benefit.     

Randomized placebo‐controlled human pilot study of cold atmospheric argon plasma on skin graft donor sites

Cold atmospheric plasma has already been shown to decrease the bacterial load in chronic wounds. However, until now it is not yet known if plasma treatment can also improve wound healing. We aimed to assess the impact of cold atmospheric argon plasma on the process of donor site healing. Forty patients with skin graft donor sites on the upper leg were enrolled in our study. The wound sites were divided into two equally sized areas that were randomly assigned to receive either plasma treatment or placebo (argon gas) for 2 minutes. Donor site healing was evaluated independently by two blinded dermatologists, who compared the wound areas with regard to reepithelialization, blood crusts, fibrin layers, and wound surroundings. From the second treatment day onwards, donor site wound areas treated with plasma (n = 34) showed significantly improved healing compared with placebo‐treated areas (day 1, p = 0.25; day 2, p = 0.011; day 3, p < 0.001; day 4, p < 0.001; day 5, p = 0.004; day 6, p = 0.008; day 7, p = 0.031). Positive effects were observed in terms of improved reepithelialization and fewer fibrin layers and blood crusts, whereas wound surroundings were always normal, independent of the type of treatment. Wound infection did not occur in any of the patients, and no relevant side effects were observed. Both types of treatment were well tolerated. The mechanisms contributing to these clinically observed effects should be further investigated.     

Postnatal di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate exposure affects hippocampal dentate gyrus morphogenesis

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used phthalate for the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride. Recent studies in humans reported a widespread DEHP exposure, raising concerns in infants whose metabolic and excretory systems are immature. DEHP is a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical, but the effects of postnatal DEHP exposure on neuronal development are unclear. The dentate gyrus (DG) is critical in the consolidation of information from short- to long-term memory, as well as spatial learning. We evaluated neurodevelopmental toxicity due to neonatal DEHP exposure by assessing neurogenesis in the DG. Newborn mice were orally administered DEHP from postnatal day (PND) 12 to 25. We performed immunostaining using neuronal markers at different stages to assess whether DEHP exposure affects neurons at specific differentiation stages at PND 26 and PND 110. We found that in mice, postnatal DEHP exposure led to a decrease in the number of Type-1, -2a, -2b, and -3 neural progenitor cells, as well as granule cells in the hippocampal DG at PND 26. Further, the results showed that neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation were also reduced in the hippocampal DG of the DEHP-exposed mice. However, no effect on memory and learning was observed. Overall, our results suggest that neurodevelopmental toxicity due to postnatal DEHP exposure might affect postnatal DG morphogenesis.     

Endocrine disrupting chemicals, 4‐nonylphenol,bisphenol A and butyl benzyl phthalate,impair metabolism of estradiol in male and female rats as assessed by levels of 15α‐hydroxyestrogens and catechol estrogens in urine

Bisphenol A (BPA), 4‐nonylphenol (NP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), termed endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, are known to mimic estrogen activity. The effects of these chemicals on 17β‐estradiol (E₂) metabolism in vivo in rats were examined. Male and female rats were given NP (250 mg kg^–1 day^–1), BPA (250 μg kg^–1 day^–1) or BBP (500 mg kg^–1 day^–1) by gavage for 14 days, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of E₂ (5 mg kg^–1) on the final day. The urinary excretion over 72 hours of 2‐hydroxyestrone 1‐N‐acetylcysteine thioether, 2‐hydroxyestrone 4‐N‐acetylcysteine thioether, 4‐hydroxyestrone 2‐N‐acetylcysteine thioether, 2‐hydroxy‐17β‐estradiol (2‐OHE₂), 2‐hydroxyestrone (2‐OHE₁), 4‐hydroxy‐17β‐estradiol, 4‐hydroxyestrone, 15α‐hydroxyestriol (E₄), 15α‐hydroxy‐17β‐estradiol and 15α‐hydroxyestrone was measured. Increases in urinary excretion of 2‐OHE₁ and decreases in E₄ were observed in males treated with NP or BBP. Decreases in urinary excretion of 2‐OHE₂ and E₄ were observed in males treated with BPA. Decreases in urinary excretion of 2‐OHE₁ and 2‐OHE₂ were observed in females treated with BBP. Normalized liver and weights were increased in both sexes treated with NP or BBP. Histologic observations revealed marked changes in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys of rats exposed to NP and BBP, and hypertrophy in the hepatocytes of the centrilobular zone of the liver. No BPA‐related effects on organ weight and on liver or kidney histopathology were found. These results suggest that the 14 day oral dosing of NP and BBP disrupted E₂ metabolism, resulting from marked morphological and functional alterations in the liver and kidneys. In addition, BPA could induce metabolic and endocrine disruption.     

Cystatin C-based equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in Japanese children and adolescents

Background

Renal inulin clearance is the gold standard for evaluation of kidney function, but is compromised by problems of collecting urine samples in children, especially those <6 years or with a bladder dysfunction. Therefore, we should utilize the serum cystatin C (cysC)-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for measuring serum cysC. The purpose of the present study is to determine the applicability of the new serum cysC-based eGFR in Japanese children and adolescents, including infants with chronic kidney disease (CKD), for evaluation of renal function.

Methods

Inulin clearance and standardized serum cysC level determined by the colloidal gold immunoassay were measured in 135 pediatric CKD patients between the ages of 1 month and 18 years with no underlying disease that affects renal function except CKD, to determine serum cysC-based eGFR in Japanese children and adolescents.

Results

We showed the inulin clearance by expression of 1/serum cysC in pediatric CKD patients, which resulted in the equation: inulin GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) = 104.1 × 1/serum cysC (mg/L) ? 7.80. We also validated the cysC-based eGFR formula for Japanese adults. eGFR values obtained with the adult formula significantly underestimated GFR by approximately 8 % in children with CKD.

Conclusion

We determined the new cysC-based eGFR formula is useful for clinical screening of renal function in Japanese children and adolescents, including infants.     

A solution-processed tin dioxide film applicable as a transparent and flexible humidity sensor

An all-solution-processed transparent tin oxide (SnO₂)-based humidity sensor was directly prepared on borosilicate glass (SnO₂–G) and a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (SnO₂–PET) substrate without using a template. The entire process included film deposition by a spin-spray process at 90 °C and subsequent hot water treatment (HWT) at 100 °C. The resistivity of the films dramatically decreased and had semiconductor characteristics after the HWT, even though the as-prepared SnO₂–G and SnO₂–PET samples were insulators. Based on the results, the variation of the resistivity could be attributed to the formation of a hydroxyl layer on the crystallized SnO₂ surface. With the help of the HWT on the SnO₂ films, the formation of tin hydroxyl derivatives provided mobile protons, which led to the variation of the electrical properties of SnO₂ at ambient conditions with different humidities. The sensitivity of the SnO₂–G-HWT and SnO₂–PET-HWT at 95% relative humidity (RH) was 35.2 and 3.5 times higher, respectively, than that at 5% RH. Both the sensitivity of the SnO₂–G-HWT and SnO₂–PET-HWT samples showed a good uptrend corresponding to the increase of RH at 20 ± 1 °C, and the response/recovery time of SnO₂–G-HWT and SnO₂–PET-HWT was 51/38 s and 69/47 s in the % RH range of 30–70% at 20 ± 1 °C, respectively.

An all-solution-processed transparent tin oxide (SnO₂)-based humidity sensor was directly prepared on borosilicate glass (SnO₂–G) and a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (SnO₂–PET) substrate without using a template.