全文获取类型
收费全文 | 247篇 |
免费 | 11篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 8篇 |
儿科学 | 17篇 |
妇产科学 | 8篇 |
基础医学 | 47篇 |
口腔科学 | 9篇 |
临床医学 | 17篇 |
内科学 | 35篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1篇 |
神经病学 | 39篇 |
特种医学 | 3篇 |
外科学 | 27篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 27篇 |
眼科学 | 2篇 |
药学 | 11篇 |
肿瘤学 | 6篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 22篇 |
2011年 | 28篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 12篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 17篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 7篇 |
2003年 | 10篇 |
2002年 | 14篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有258条查询结果,搜索用时 27 毫秒
31.
H. S. Samuli Sarajas Torsten E. Nilsson 《Langenbeck's archives of surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie》1954,279(1):750-756
Ohne Zusammenfassung
Mit 2 Textabbildungen
Aus der Pathologischen Abteilung der K?niglichen Tier?rztlichen Hochschule, aus der Pathologischen Abteilung des Sabbatsberg
Hospital und aus dem Kardiovaskul?ren Forschungslaboratorium des Wenner-Gren Institutes, Stockholm, Schweden. 相似文献
32.
Hannula P Ala-Houhala I Saha H Lagerstedt A Parviainen T Pasternack A Antonen J 《Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology》2006,40(3):241-246
OBJECTIVE: The effects of erythropoietin (EPO) treatment on the immune functions of dialysis patients have been shown to be controversial and there are only limited data concerning predialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four predialysis patients with renal anemia were assigned to subcutaneous EPO treatment, and those in need (n=19) were additionally treated with i.v. iron every other week. We analyzed the effect of the start of EPO treatment on (i) lymphocyte and lymphocyte subclass counts, (ii) lymphocyte stimulation functions and (iii) persisting IgG-class antibody levels to the viral antigens of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus. RESULTS: Our main findings were a decrease in the absolute lymphocyte count, combined with decreases in all the main lymphocyte subclass counts. The absolute number of cells with activation and memory markers remained constant, and therefore their proportion slightly increased. The proliferation responses to phytohemagglutinin, tuberculin and tetanus declined significantly, while the amount of IgG-class viral antibodies remained unchanged, meaning that the humoral side of immunity was not affected by the start of the EPO treatment. Similarly, the proliferation response to pokeweed mitogen, a B-cell mitogen, was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: EPO treatment has a suppressive effect on cellular immune functions of predialysis patients. This suppression does not correlate with erythropoiesis, kidney function or iron status. 相似文献
33.
Rounioja S Saralahti A Rantala L Parikka M Henriques-Normark B Silvennoinen O Rämet M 《Developmental and comparative immunology》2012,36(2):342-348
Severe community acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of death from infection in developing countries. Serotype specific conjugate vaccines have decreased the incidence of invasive infections, but at the same time, disease due to non-vaccine serotypes have increased. New insights into host immune mechanisms against pneumococcus may provide better treatment and prevention strategies. Zebrafish is an attractive vertebrate model for studying host immune responses and infection biology. Here we show that an intravenous challenge with pneumococcus infects zebrafish embryos leading to death in a dose dependent manner. Survival rates correlate with the bacterial burden in the embryos. The production of proinflammatory cytokines is induced in zebrafish after pneumococcal exposure. Importantly, morpholino treated embryos lacking either myeloid cells or the ability to phagocytose bacteria have lowered survival rates compared to wild type embryos after pneumococcal challenge. These data suggest that the survival of zebrafish embryos upon intravenous infection with S. pneumoniae is dependent on the clearance of the bacteria by phagocytosing cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that mutant pneumococci lacking known virulence factors are attenuated in the zebrafish model. Our data demonstrate that zebrafish embryos can be used for study innate immune responses as well as virulence determinants in pneumococcal infections. 相似文献
34.
Lut Van Laer Jeroen R Huyghe Samuli Hannula Els Van Eyken Dietrich A Stephan Elina M?ki-Torkko Pekka Aikio Erik Fransen Alana Lysholm-Bernacchi Martti Sorri Matthew J Huentelman Guy Van Camp 《European journal of human genetics : EJHG》2010,18(6):685-693
This study aimed at contributing to the elucidation of the genetic basis of age-related hearing impairment (ARHI), a common multifactorial disease with an important genetic contribution as demonstrated by heritability studies. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Finnish Saami, a small, ancient, genetically isolated population without evidence of demographic expansion. The choice of this study population was motivated by its anticipated higher extent of LD, potentially offering a substantial power advantage for association mapping. DNA samples and audiometric measurements were collected from 352 Finnish Saami individuals, aged between 50 and 75 years. To reduce the burden of multiple testing, we applied principal component (PC) analysis to the multivariate audiometric phenotype. The first three PCs captured 80% of the variation in hearing thresholds, while maintaining biologically important audiometric features. All subjects were genotyped with the Affymetrix 100 K chip. To account for multiple levels of relatedness among subjects, as well as for population stratification, association testing was performed using a mixed model. We summarised the top-ranking association signals for the three traits under study. The top-ranked SNP, rs457717 (P-value 3.55 × 10−7), was associated with PC3 and was localised in an intron of the IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating-like protein (IQGAP2). Intriguingly, the SNP rs161927 (P-value 0.000149), seventh-ranked for PC1, was positioned immediately downstream from the metabotropic glutamate receptor-7 gene (GRM7). As a previous GWAS of a European and Finnish sample set already suggested a role for GRM7 in ARHI, this study provides further evidence for the involvement of this gene. 相似文献
35.
Anne Helle Samuli Hirsjärvi Leena Peltonen Jouni Hirvonen Susanne K. Wiedmer Tuulia Hyötyläinen 《Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis》2010
A novel method for investigating drug release in a dynamic manner from nanoparticles including, but not limited to, biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is reported. The PLA nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Two poorly soluble drugs, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and indomethacin, were encapsulated into PLA nanoparticles, and their dissolution from the nanoparticles were followed in a dynamic way. The on-line method comprised a short column (vessel) packed with the PLA nanoparticles, on-line connected to an analytical liquid chromatographic column via a multiport switching valve equipped with two loops. The system allowed monitoring of the drug release profiles in real time, and the conditions for the drug release could be precisely controlled and easily changed. The effects of solvent composition and temperature on the rate of dissolution of the drugs from the PLA nanoparticles were investigated. The system proved to be linear for the drugs tested over the concentration range 10–3000 ng (n = 6, R2 = 0.999 and 0.997 for indomethacin and beclomethasone, respectively) and repeatable (RSD of peak areas <0.5%). The recoveries of the dissolution study were quantitative (120 and 103% for indomethacin and beclomethasone, respectively). 相似文献
36.
The grainyhead like 2 gene (GRHL2), alias TFCP2L3, is associated with age-related hearing impairment
Van Laer L Van Eyken E Fransen E Huyghe JR Topsakal V Hendrickx JJ Hannula S Mäki-Torkko E Jensen M Demeester K Baur M Bonaconsa A Mazzoli M Espeso A Verbruggen K Huyghe J Huygen P Kunst S Manninen M Konings A Diaz-Lacava AN Steffens M Wienker TF Pyykkö I Cremers CW Kremer H Dhooge I Stephens D Orzan E Pfister M Bille M Parving A Sorri M Van de Heyning PH Van Camp G 《Human molecular genetics》2008,17(2):159-169
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is the most prevalent sensory impairment in the elderly. ARHI is a complex disease caused by an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. The contribution of various environmental factors has been relatively extensively studied. In contrast, investigations to identify the genetic risk factors have only recently been initiated. In this paper we describe the results of an association study performed on 2418 ARHI samples derived from nine centers from seven European countries. In 70 candidate genes, a total of 768 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected based on HAPMAP data. These genes were chosen among the monogenic hearing loss genes identified in mice and men in addition to several strong functional candidates. After genotyping and data polishing, statistical analysis of all samples combined resulted in a P-value that survived correction for multiple testing for one SNP in the GRHL2 gene. Other SNPs in this gene were also associated, albeit to a lesser degree. Subsequently, an analysis of the most significant GRHL2 SNP was performed separately for each center. The direction of the association was identical in all nine centers. Two centers showed significant associations and a third center showed a trend towards significance. Subsequent fine mapping of this locus demonstrated that the majority of the associated SNPs reside in intron 1. We hypothesize that the causative variant may change the expression levels of a GRHL2 isoform. 相似文献
37.
Andrew J Lindford Heikki Mäkisalo Hannu Jalanko Jouni Lauronen Veli-Jukka Anttila Susanna Juteau Antti-Jussi Ämmälä Anna Eskola Samuli Saarni Helena Isoniemi Antti Mäkitie Patrik Lassus 《Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery》2019,72(2):173-180
Aim
We herein describe the establishment of the Helsinki Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) program and its execution in the first two face transplant cases.Methods & patients
The Helsinki VCA program initially required the fulfillment of legal, hospital, financial, and ethical requirements. Thereafter, the assembling of a multidisciplinary team commenced. A team of Plastic, maxillofacial and ENT surgeons comprise the facial VCA team. The protocol involves collaboration with the Solid Organ Transplant (SOT) team, transplant immunology, immunosuppression, microbiology, psychiatric evaluation, well-defined VCA indications and informed consent. Between 2011 and 2017 two patients were selected for transplantation. Both patients had a severe composite facial deformity involving the maxilla and mandible following earlier ballistic injury.Results
Patient 1 was a 35 year-old male who underwent successful near total face transplantation in February 2016 and at 30 months he has a good aesthetic outcome with symmetrical restoration of the central face and good sensory and symmetrical motor functional outcomes. Patient 2 was a 58 year-old male who underwent full face transplantation in March 2018 and at 5 months he has recovered without major problems.Conclusion
A successful facial VCA program requires a well-prepared research protocol, experts from multiple specialties and careful patient selection. The establishment of the Helsinki VCA program required long and thorough planning and resulted in the first two Nordic face transplantation cases. This protocol now forms the platform (as a proof of concept) for other types of vascularized composite allotransplantations. 相似文献38.
Samuli Aspinen Mari Kinnunen Jukka Harju Petri Juvonen Tuomas Selander Anu Holopainen 《Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology》2016,51(6):739-744
Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the inflammatory response to surgical trauma in minilaparotomy cholecystectomy (MC) compared to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Assessment of inflammatory response to surgical trauma in MC has not been addressed properly. Therefore, we investigated five interleukins (IL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in MC versus LC group in a prospective randomised trial. Methods Initially, 106 patients with non-complicated symptomatic gallstone disease were randomised into MC (n?=?56) or LC (n?=?50) groups. Plasma levels of five interleukins (IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and hs-CRP were measured at three time points; before operation (PRE), immediately after operation (POP1) and six hours after operation (POP2). The primary end-point of the study was to compare the plasma levels of five interleukins and CRP in LC versus MC group. Results The demographic variables and the surgical data were similar in the study groups. The patients in the MC group had higher elevation of the CRP mean values post-operatively (p?=?0.01). However, the patients in the MC group had higher elevation of the IL-1ra mean values post-operatively, the mean pre-/post-operative IL-1ra values being 299/614?pg/ml in the MC group versus 379/439?pg/ml in the LC group (p?=?0.003). There was no statistical significance in IL-6 mean values between the MC and LC groups pre- and post-operatively (POP1). However, the patients in the MC group had higher IL-6 mean values six hours post-operatively (POP2), the mean IL-6 values being 27.6?pg/ml in the MC group versus 14.8?pg/ml in the LC group (p?=?0.037). In addition, the patients in the MC group had higher elevation of the IL-6 mean values post-operatively, the mean pre-/post-operative IL-6 values being 4.1/27.6?pg/ml in the MC group versus 3.8/14.8?pg/ml in the LC group (p?=?0.04). There was no statistical significance in IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1β mean values between the MC and LC groups pre- and post-operatively. Conclusion Our results suggest that the inflammatory response in MC versus LC groups was similar based on the IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1β values. A new finding with possible clinical relevance in the present work is higher relative elevation of the IL-1ra and IL-6 mean values post-operatively in the MC group. 相似文献
39.
Suvisaari J Loo BM Saarni SE Haukka J Perälä J Saarni SI Viertiö S Partti K Lönnqvist J Jula A 《Psychiatry research》2011,189(2):305-311
We investigated inflammatory markers in psychotic disorders and their association with metabolic comorbidity, antipsychotic medication, smoking, alcohol use, physical condition, and mood. From the population-based Finnish Health 2000 study, we identified all persons with schizophrenia (n = 45), other nonaffective psychosis (ONAP) (n = 57), affective psychosis (n = 37) and chose controls matched by age, sex, and region of residence. We found that persons with schizophrenia had significantly higher sIL-2Rα, IL-1RA and C-reactive protein (CRP), persons with ONAP significantly higher IL-1RA and CRP and persons with affective psychosis almost significantly higher TNF-α compared to their matched controls. Current antipsychotic use was associated with elevated IL-1RA and CRP. After taking metabolic and lifestyle-related variables that associated with inflammatory markers into account, only antipsychotic medication remained associated with elevated IL-1RA and TNF-α which are markers related to the activation of innate immune system. CRP was influenced by both antipsychotic medication and nonaffective psychosis. sIL-2Rα, a marker of T-cell activation, was associated with depressive symptoms, schizophrenia, and affective psychosis. We conclude that in persons with psychotic disorders, activation of mononuclear phagocyte system was mostly related to metabolic comorbidity and antipsychotic medication use, whereas T-cell activation had a more direct relationship with both psychotic disorders and depressive symptoms. 相似文献
40.
Kaisla Joutsenniemi Heta Moustgaard Seppo Koskinen Samuli Ripatti Pekka Martikainen 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2011,46(7):623-633