艾滋病预防控制策略

1世界艾滋病预防控制的经验与措施自1981年在美国首次报告获得性免疫缺陷综合征(简称艾滋病, AIDS)临床患者至今已20多年, AIDS已蔓延至世界各地,成为人类面临的危害最大的疾病之一。目前,全球累计艾滋病病毒(H IV)感染者已超过7000万。世界卫生组织(WHO )和联合国艾滋病规划署(UN-AIDS)估计至2004年底全球存活的H IV /AIDS人数已达3940万(3590~4430万)。在艾滋病的预防控制工作中,世界各国积累了许多丰富的经验和有效的控制策略,其中有些具有基本的、普遍性的原则,我们可以学习借鉴。它们主要体现在以下几方面。1·1政府重视,经…     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression elicited in the mouse brain by inflammatory mediators circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein was studied in the brain after intracerebroventricular injections of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IFN-gamma combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, compared to ovalbumin as control. Wild-type mice and mice with targeted deletion of the IFN-gamma receptor gene were used. Findings based on iNOS immunoreactivity were evaluated at 1, 2, 4 and 7 days post-injection, using also quantitative image analysis and double labeling with glial cell markers. IFN-gamma administration induced iNOS immmunostaining in activated microglia and macrophages in the parenchyma surrounding the ventricular system, several cortical fields and fiber tracts. IFN-gamma-elicited iNOS immunoreactivity was down-regulated after 1 day. The number of iNOS-immunopositive cells was significantly enhanced by co-administration of LPS or TNF-alpha; IFN-gamma+TNF-alpha injections also resulted in longer persistence of iNOS immunoreactivity. No immunopositive cells were seen in the brain of IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice after IFN-gamma administration; very few immunostained macrophages were detected in these cases, mostly around the injection needle track, after co-administration of LPS or TNF-alpha. Western blot analysis confirmed a marked iNOS induction in the brain of wild-type mice 24 h after IFN-gamma+LPS injections. The findings show that inflammatory mediators circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid induce in vivo iNOS in the brain with topographical selectivity and temporal regulation. The data also demonstrate that the signaling cascade activated by IFN-gamma binding to its receptor is critical for iNOS induction, and the synergistic action of LPS and TNF-alpha as iNOS inducers in brain cells is largely mediated by the receptor-regulated action of IFN-gamma.     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂对大鼠面神经损伤修复的影响

目的 :探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂 (uPA)在神经再生微环境中的作用机制 ,观察uPA对面神经断伤吻合后神经再生修复的影响。方法 :将 2 4只SD大鼠随机分为uPA组和对照组 ,建立大鼠面神经断伤修复模型 ,uPA组术后连续 5d腹部皮下注射uPA ,每天 3次 ,每次 5 0 0 0U/kg ,对照组注射等体积生理盐水。术后 1,7,14 ,2 1,4 2 ,84d取吻合处远侧段面神经 ,采用形态学、免疫组织化学和图像分析技术 ,观察分析两组中神经纤维的等效直径、周长和面积参数以及纤维连结蛋白 (fibronectin ,FN)和层粘连蛋白 (laminin ,LN)伤后早期的表达变化。结果 :术后 2 1,4 2d时uPA组新生神经纤维髓鞘面积和 4 2d时等效直径均较对照组恢复好 (P <0 .0 5 )。FN在术后表达逐渐增强 ,14 ,2 1d时较对照组明显增多 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组中LN术后表达均减少 ,随再生过程而逐渐增多 ,组间差别无统计学意义。结论 :面神经断伤吻合后应用uPA可降解纤维蛋白 ,使FN表达上调 ,有利于改善神经再生后的微环境 ,提高新生神经纤维的再生修复效果     

全麻下改良额肌瓣悬吊术治疗儿童先天性重度上睑下垂临床观察

目的寻找一种治疗先天性重度上睑下垂的有效手术方法。方法总结94眼先天性重度上睑下垂行改良额肌瓣悬吊术。结果94眼中85眼满意(90%),94眼基本满意(100%)。结论该术式简单,效果好,是治疗先天性重度上睑下垂的首选方法。     

表面麻醉下小梁切除术的临床观察

目的:探讨表面麻醉下小梁切除术的麻醉效果。方法:消毒前用表面麻醉药4g/L盐酸丁氧普鲁卡因点结膜囊内,2～3滴/次,放置开睑器前再点2次。用白内障超声乳化隧道刀、穿刺刀、侧切刀做常规小梁切除术。结果:术中无疼痛者29例(34眼);术中虹膜根切时轻度疼痛伴眼胀者5例(6眼);2例(2眼)缝合球结膜时痛疼明显但能耐受未予以追加麻醉。术后30min轻度眼胀眼痛不适者8眼,均未处理,1～2h后缓解。术后视力提高2行以上者34眼,8眼视力无变化。自动电脑视野计检查视野较术前扩大12眼,余30眼无明显视野继续损害。39眼眼压控制在1.20～2.40kPa,3眼眼压控制在2.67～3.33kPa。     

高血糖高渗状态患者124例临床分析

目的探讨高血糖高渗状态(HHS)患者的病死率与器官功能衰竭、血浆渗透压、年龄的关系。方法回顾分析我院1997年￣2003年住院的124例HHS患者的临床资料。结果①124例HHS患者病死率为38.7%。②病死率与器官功能衰竭显著正相关,且与所并发器官功能衰竭的个数成正比。③病死率与年龄、血浆渗透压正相关。结论治疗HHS的同时积极防治器官功能衰竭是降低死亡率的关键。     

大豆与豆豉中游离氨基酸总量测定

目的: 探讨大豆和经过发酵后的豆豉游离氨基酸总量的变化.方法: 采用氨基酸的游离氨基与水合茚三酮产生显色反应,在一定范围内,其颜色的深浅与氨基酸的含量成正比.结果: 波长570 nm处含氮量在0～5 μg吸收度值与含氮量值线性关系良好,r＝0.999 9(n＝5),且豆豉中游离氨基酸总量与大豆中游离氨基酸总量存在显著性差异.结论: 大豆在经过发酵后游离氨基酸总量产生明显变化,更易被人体所吸收,其营养价值更高.     

The expression of TRPA1 mRNA in the rat brain

Objective： To investigate the distribution of TRPA1 （one kind of the TRP-like ion channel family） channel in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rat. Methods： RT-PCR was used to amplify the fragment of TRPA1 in the DRG （dorsal root ganglion）, hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult SD rat. In situ hybridization staining was used to show the distribution of TRPA1 mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rat brain. Results： Both RT-PCR and in situ hybridization staining showed that TRPA1 mRNA was expressed in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain. Conclusion： Our results suggest that there is expression of TRPA1 mRNA both in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain.     

Glutamate receptors within the nucleus of solitary tract contribute to pancreatic secretion stimulated by intraduodenal hypertonic saline

High-speed counter-current chromatography （HSCCC） with a solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-buta- nol-water （2 ： 1 ： 3, V/V/V） was used to isolate and separate two C-glycosylflavones from Patrinia villosa Juss, a traditional Chinese medicine. The separation produced 42.9 mg isovitexin and 20.1 mg isoorientin with purities of 99.3% and 98.5%, respectively as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） in one step elution from 250 mg crude extract, and identification was performed by MS, ^1H NMR and ^13C NMR. It is the first report of discovering isovitexin and isoorientin from the plant of Patrinia genus.     

实验动物和脏器标本的摄影方法

文章结合实践介绍了实验动物和脏器标本的摄影方法及注意事项,为从事这方面工作的科技人员提供了技术支持。