Feasibility of using interpolated contours of targets and organs at risk in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy treatment planning for advanced‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma

To assess the dosimetric effect of using interpolated contours in planning intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for advanced T‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The present study focused on T3–T4 tumours where the proximity of targets to neurological organs poses a stringent test on the feasibility of such an approach. Contours of targets and organs were delineated on CT images of 2.5‐mm interval and a reference IMRT plan was generated. An investigative (INV) IMRT plan was then generated with the same planning protocol, but based on interpolated contours that replaced deleted contours on alternate slices. The reference and INV plans were compared. Regarding target coverage, all targets in the INV plans met the acceptance criteria except for the PTV in one case. Regarding organs, the mean dose to 1% volume of the brainstem and spinal cord in the INV plans were kept below their dose limits. No significant differences in the mean doses to others organs were found. Satisfactory target coverage and protection of critical organs to a degree similar to full‐scale contouring could be achieved with use of interpolated contours. The saving in manpower time for contouring is expected to significantly improve the throughput of the IMRT planning process.     

Methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme

The folic acid antagonist, methotrexate, has many applications in the treatment of neoplastic disease. While methotrexate produces several well-recognized toxic effects, cutaneous reactions are rare. A patient who developed classical erythema multiforme while receiving low-dose methotrexate as treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is presented. Erythema multiforme has been associated with a variety of pharmacologic agents. It typically presents as a pruritic papular dermatitis of the extensor surfaces of the extremities and may require multiple skin biopsies to establish the diagnosis. Spontaneous reversal usually occurs with discontinuation of therapy. Patients developing erythema multiforme related to antineoplastic agents should be switched to an alternate regimen.     

Autopsies of sudden infant death syndrome—classification and epidemiology

An enquiry into sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in 1987 furnished us with detailed epidemiological data for 281 cases that underwent a thorough post-mortem examination. This analysis uses these data to evaluate the role the autopsy plays in explaining sudden death. The cases were classified into three diagnostic groups: explained causes of death (group 1), unexplained deaths with anomalies (group 2), and no anomaly (group 3). These 281 cases show the three essential features that characterize SIDS: over-representation of males, increased deaths during the second and third months of life, and increased deaths during winter. The autopsy examination revealed that many of these deaths had a medical explanation. Almost half were assigned to group 1. At the time of autopsy, no precise pathology could be diagnosed for 147 deaths; of these, 140 showed histological anomalies. There were only seven sudden deaths for which no abnormal sign was evident at the autopsy. These results are compared with those of similar studies and discussed in connection with three factors: the initial selection of cases, the nature and degree of the investigations, and the possible interpretations of the symptoms uncovered.     

DNA testing for fragile X syndrome in schools for learning difficulties

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. Early diagnosis is important not only for appropriate management of individuals but also to identify carriers who are unaware of their high risk of having an affected child. The disorder is associated with a cytogenetically visible fragile site (FRAXA) at Xq27.3, caused by amplification of a (CGG)n repeat sequence within the gene at this locus designated FMR1. Clinical and molecular studies have been undertaken to screen for fragile X syndrome in 154 children with moderate and severe learning difficulties of previously unknown origin. Southern blot analysis of peripheral blood showed the characteristic abnormally large (CGG)n repeat sequence associated with fragile X syndrome in four of the 154 children. The findings were confirmed by cytogenetic observation of the fragile site and by further molecular studies. The families of the affected children were offered genetic counselling and DNA tests to determine their carrier status. These findings show that there are still unrecognised cases of fragile X syndrome. Given the difficulty of making a clinical diagnosis and the implications for families when the diagnosis is missed, screening in high risk populations may be justified. The issues involved in screening all children in special schools for fragile X syndrome are discussed.     

Does age at the start of breast feeding influence infantile diarrhoea morbidity? A case–control study in periurban Guinea–Bissau

Colostrum protects the newborn from intestinal infection by its content of secretory immunoglobulin A and other immediately acting factors. It may also induce maturation of the child's gastrointestinal immune defences, thus contributing to the protection against diarrhoeal disease later in infancy. To test this hypothesis, a case–control study on breast feeding and diarrhoea was carried out in a periurban community in Guinea–Bissau. The child's age at the start of breast feeding was ascertained soon after birth ( n = 279). Subsequent cases of acute diarrhoea ( n = 66) were identified at 3–monthly examinations, and four concurrent controls were randomly selected among attendants. Three separate estimates of association showed that the cases tended to have started breast feeding later after birth than the diarrhoea–free controls, but no single test was statistically significant. Early breast feeding might have consequences for diarrhoeal morbidity after the neonatal period.     

胸腹部联合损伤73例诊治分析

1临床资料 1995-07／2003-12收治胸腹联合伤73（男52，女21）例，年龄3～72（平均47）岁，急诊入院69例，受伤至急诊入院时间为1／3～16h，致伤原因：穿透伤26例，其中刀刺伤23例，枪伤3例，闭合伤47例，其中车祸38例，坠落伤9例，入院时伴休克50例，呼吸急促36例，胸痛29例，腹痛20例，胸腹联合痛14例，昏迷10例，气管移位11例，伤侧呼吸音减弱或消失17例。     

Radiology curriculum for medical students: Clinicians’ perspectives

This study was conducted to establish clinicians’ perspectives of a set of radiology curriculum topics for medical student teaching, which were held to be important by radiologists. A questionnaire was sent to clinicians in all specialties. Forty‐six clinicians (51.1%) out of 90 returned the questionnaires. All curriculum topics were scored above an average of 4 (agree). The five highest ranking curriculum topics in order of importance were: developing a system for viewing chest radiographs (5.59), developing a system for viewing abdominal radiographs (5.56), developing a system for viewing bone and joint radiographs (5.33), distinguishing normal structures from abnormal in chest and abdominal radiographs (5.33) and identifying gross bone or joint abnormalities in skeletal radiographs (5.22). Correlative analysis between speciality groups showed surgical and medical specialities were significantly different in their responses of two learning outcomes: basic knowledge about the contrast media benefits and risks (P= 0.01) and ability to select the most appropriate and the most cost‐effective methods of radiological investigations for clinical situations (P= 0.03). Acute specialities were not significantly different from the other two groups for these two learning outcomes. There was no statistically significant difference for other learning outcomes between the three speciality groups.