The forms of non-pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of the rat.

Rapid Golgi preparations from area 17 of young adult rats have been studied to determine the morphology and distribution of non-pyramidal neurons. Such cells were observed in all of the cellular laminae of the cortex, but were particularly prevalent in layers IV and V. Non-pyramidal neurons were categorized according to two features: (1) dendritic projection pattern, and (2) abundance of dendritic spines. Dendritic patterns were classified as multipolar, bitufted, and bipolar, and spine patterns as spinous, sparsely spinous, and spine-free. Spinous dendrites were associated only with multipolar neurons, while sparsely spinous and spine-free dendrites were each associated with cells of all three non-pyramidal dendritic patterns. The most frequently observed non-pyramidal cell types were multipolar cells of the spine-free and sparsely spinous varieties. All of the general cell types encountered have been described in the literature on non-pyramidal neurons, indicating the lack of any unique forms in rat area 17. An analysis of the dendritic projections of individual non-pyramidal neurons through particular cortical laminae made possible an evaluation of common sources of dendrites present in the neuropil of each layer. Non-pyramidal cell axons were impregnated only in small numbers. Spinous multipolar axons invariably exhibited a descending main branch, while the axons of bipolar neurons were distributed in a narrow vertical field. Axonal patterns of remaining cell types, including Golgi type II arborizations, did not appear to correlate consistently with dendritic morphology. Axons of the basket cell type and "horsetail" axons associated with double bouquet cells of Cajal's original type were not impregnated.     

Surgical treatment of thyroid-related lower eyelid retraction: a modified approach.

A 15-year retrospective study was performed in 68 patients who underwent scleral implantation for correction of lower eyelid retraction related to Graves' disease. Three variations of the scleral implantation procedure were used over three time periods. Scleral grafting alone ("old" procedure) was performed in 53 patients from 1974 to 1985. Because of persistent lower lid retraction postoperatively, this procedure was modified. Beginning in 1986, a lateral canthal suspension consisting of either a lateral tarsal strip or a lateral tarsorrhaphy was added to the scleral implantation ("intermediate" procedure) and was performed in seven patients. Since 1988, the procedure has been further modified to include both a lateral tarsal strip and a lateral tarsorrhaphy ("new" procedure). Eight patients underwent this procedure. Analysis with Student's t test indicated a statistically significant reduction in lower lid retraction when using the new procedure, as measured by a reduction in the margin reflex distance-2, the distance from the corneal light reflex to the central lower lid (p = 0.02), and by a reduction in inferior central scleral show, the distance from the central lower lid to the inferior limbus (p = 0.02). An analysis of covariance, controlling for age, Hertel exophthalmometry readings, and length of follow-up, also indicated that the reduction in the postoperative margin reflex distance-2 was significant (p = 0.04).     

Responsibilities and training needs of mental health administrators

This paper reports findings of a needs assessment in the area of training programs for senior mental health administrators. Questionnaires (N=530) were sent; 169 to county and regional state mental health administrators; 331 went to community mental health administrators. The response rate was 43%. Thirty-four percent of the public sector respondents listed general administration as their first topic; fiscal issues were listed by 19%; 18% listed personnel administration first. Second topics chosen for training by the public sector administrators were general administration (17%), financial management (24%), and personnel (20%). As their first topics of choice for future training, 37% of the community mental health administrators selected general administration areas, 27% selected financial management, and 10% personnel. Training for mental health administrators has the potential for substantial enrichment through the design and implementation of carefully planned programs. Results from this needs assessment show the continued strong need for such training.     

Arthritis and nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Previous publications suggest that in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid factor (RF) may be "protective" against nephritis. In our study of 662 patients with SLE, we found that persistent, rheumatoid-like arthritis showed a much stronger inverse correlation with nephritis than RF. Of 186 such patients, 59 developed clinically evident nephritis (32%) compared to 263 of the other 476 patients (55%) (p less than 10(-7). RF showed only a weak inverse relationship to nephritis (p = 0.064). We conclude that the presence of persistent rheumatoid-like arthritis in patients with SLE identifies a clinical subset of patients who are less likely to develop nephritis than those with no arthralgia, no objective arthritis or only episodic arthritis. We hypothesize that such patients represent a genetically determined subset among patients with SLE and that perhaps they are more likely to bear the HLA-DR4 allele.     

Effect of an opiate antagonist (naloxone) on the gastric acid secretory response to sham feeding,pentagastrin, and histamine in man

We studied the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the human gastric acid secretory response to three secretory stimulants: sham feeding, pentagastrin, and histamine. Intravenous naloxone (40 g/kg/hr) significantly inhibited the acid secretory response to sham feeding without affecting the serum gastrin response to sham feeding. Naloxone also significantly reduced pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated acid secretion. These studies indicate that naloxone reduces acid secretion in response to all stimulants of acid secretion yet tested in humans.This study was supported by grants AM-16816 and AM-17328, from the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases.Presented in part at the Plenary Session of the American Gastroenterological Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, May 19, 1980.     

Review of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer

This article is a review of 20 clinical trials of various forms of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer conducted between 1964 and 1975, some of them prospective and others retrospective in nature. Comparisons have been made of the results following truncal vagotomy with drainage, truncal vagotomy with antrectomy, and partial gastrectomy. Additionally, selective vagotomy and truncal vagotomy have been compared in some studies and various forms of drainage, such as pyloroplasty and gastrojejunostomy, have been compared in others. In general, the results of all current forms of elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulcer have been very good, and the differences among the effects of the various procedures have been small. There have been no significant differences in the mortality rates associated with the several operations when they have been performed electively. The rate of ulcer recurrence and incidence of diarrhea have been somewhat higher after truncal vagotomy with drainage, whereas the frequency of dumping and amount of weight loss have been somewhat greater after all forms of gastric resection. Selective vagotomy appears to be associated with less frequent and severe diarrhea than does truncal vagotomy. There have been no apparent differences in the results of the various drainage procedures that have been combined with vagotomy. Highly selective vagotomy without drainage, the most recent operation for duodenal ulcer, has resulted in the lowest incidence of post-operative side effects of any surgical procedure in current use. However, the frequency of ulcer recurrence after this therapeutic measure remains to be determined by long-term studies.

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Résumé Cet article passe en revue 20 études cliniques compilées entre 1964 et 1975 sur le traitement chirurgical électif des ulcères duodénaux chroniques; certaines de ces études sont de nature prospectives, d'autres rétrospectives. On y compare les résultats obtenus par vaguotomie tronculaire avec drainage, vaguotomie tronculaire et antrectomie, et gastrectomie partielle. De plus, dans certaines études, on a comparé la vaguotomie sélective et la vaguotomie tronculaire tandis que d'autres études comparaient différentes formes de drainage, par exemple pyloroplastie et gastro-jéjunostomie. En général les résultats obtenus ont été très bons et il n'y a pas eu de différence significative entre les diverses formes de traitement chirurgical électif pour ulcère duodénal chronique. Les taux de mortalité ont été sensiblement identiques pour toutes les procédures chirurgicales lorsque pratiquées électivement. La récidive d'ulcère et la diarrhée post-opératoire se sont rencontrées plus souvent après vaguotomie tronculaire et drainage, tandis que l'incidence du syndrÔme de chasse gastrique (dumping), et la perte de poids ont été plus souvent associés avec toutes les formes de résection gastrique. La vaguotomie sélective semble s'accompagner moins souvent de diarrhée post-opératoire grave que la vaguotomie tronculaire. Les différentes procédures de drainage employées en mÊme temps que la vaguotomie n'ont pas déterminé de différence significative. La vaguotomie supra-sélective sans drainage, la dernière nouveauté dans le traitement chirurgical des ulcères duodénaux, s'est accompagnée du plus faible taux d'effets secondaires post-opératoires lorsque comparée à toutes les autres formes de traitement chirurgical couramment employés. Il faudra cependant attendre les résultats d'étude à long terme avant de connaÎtre le taux de récidive d'ulcère associé à cette nouvelle approche chirurgicale.

     

Dismal rehabilitation in predominantly type II diabetics on dialysis in Inner-City Brooklyn

AIM: In order to define their demographics and medical conditions, 218 diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis in Brooklyn were interviewed and their charts reviewed. METHODS: Patient rehabilitation was assessed with the Karnofsky score, and the urea reduction rate as well as serum albumin and hematocrit levels evaluated adequacy of hemodialysis. RESULTS: The majority of patients (167) were African-American, 25 were Whites, 19 patients were Hispanic and 6 were Asian. One patient was a Native American. The mean age was 60.5 years (range 16-88), and the majority, 52%, were women. Rehabilitation was poor, the mean Karnofsky score being 65.1+/-20.8, and only 6% of patients were working. By linear regression, there was no difference in the Karnofsky score according to gender, age, race, type of diabetes, education, family income or hematocrit level. Only the patients' self-perception of their psyche function, or how well they thought they were doing, was significant. CONCLUSION: Further work is needed to examine the reasons for the poor rehabilitation of diabetics on dialysis in Brooklyn.     

Renal transplant dysfunction due to severe aorto-iliac atherosclerosis in the presence of patent renal transplant artery

We report a case of progressive deterioration in renal function and decreased renal graft perfusion induced by extensive aorto-iliac atherosclerotic lesions proximal to a patent renal graft artery. Significant improvement in kidney graft function followed left axillo-femoral bypass graft surgery, which to the best of our knowledge, has never been performed previously for permanent maintenance of renal transplant perfusion.