Self‐reflection and self‐practice in training of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: an overview

The present paper deals with a developing training element in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), the self‐practice of therapeutic techniques and the self‐exploration of the person of the therapist. Initially, the current status of this training element in CBT is discussed, and a short note on its terminology is presented. Then an overview of the most important objectives of self‐practice and self‐reflection in CBT, and the concepts and methods of practice of this element is given. The concepts focus on two major aims, the self‐exploration of the person of the therapist within and beyond his or her therapeutic practice, and the self‐application of therapeutic techniques (= self‐practice). In the second part of the paper empirical studies related to the outcome of self‐reflection and self‐practice on the development of the therapist and her or his therapeutic practice are reviewed. The few empirical studies show that trainees experience in their own view substantial professional and personal gains from this training tool, with the professional impact being more important than the personal one. The most important outcomes evaluated by subjective data from the trainees are improvements in self‐insight and self‐awareness and a better understanding of the therapist's role and the therapeutic change process. Additionally, a better understanding of CBT methods and of general therapeutic skills, such as empathy and role‐taking‐competencies, are reported by the trainees. The paper comes to the conclusion that self‐exploration and self‐practice are important components of CBT training. Consequences and recommendations for its integration into training courses for CBT are discussed as well as the necessity for more research in this area. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Series of Serological Tests for the Detection of Antigens and Specific Antibodies in Deep-Seated Candidosis: Experimental Aspects/Eine Gruppe von Antigen- und Antikörpertests zur Serodiagnose von tieflokalisierten Candida-Mykosen: Experimentelle Aspekte

Summary: We describe a series of six serological tests for the diagnosis of deep-seated candidosis. The array comprises two commercial tests (antigen test, Ramco Inc., and antibody test, Roche), as well as four enzyme immunoassays which have been developed in this laboratory: an antigen test for detection of Candida-proteinase, the corresponding assays for monitoring of anti-proteinase antibodies, and two assays for monitoring of IgG and IgM against heterogenous metabolic antigens of C. albicans. The highly sensitive and specific proteinase antigen-test tolerates samples with high concentration of serum proteins. Proteinase antigen was detected in 10 out of 11 normal mice after intravenous infection with C. albicans blastospores. The proteinase antigen peaked between the second and fourth day after infection. A rise in corresponding antibodies was observed in all animals. No proteinase antigen was detected in sera of healthy human individuals; anti-proteinase antibody titers in these sera amounted up to 1:8000. In related ELISAs, using metabolic fungal antigens, titer values of specific IgG and IgM amounted to 5120 and 1280, respectively. The six tests were carried out in an comparative study under diagnostic conditions, the results of which are the subject of a forthcoming communication. Zusammenfassung: Ein Satz von sechs serologischen Tests für die Diagnostik der tiefen Candida-Mykosen wird vorgestellt. Die Gruppe schließt zwei kommerziell vertriebene Testbestecke ein (Latex-Agglutinationstest zum Antigennachweis, Ramco Inc., und Hämagglutinationstest zum Antikörpernachweis, Roche). Vier weitere Enzymimmuntests wurden von uns entwickelt: Ein Antigentest zum Nachweis von sekretorischer Candida-Protease, ein entsprechender Test zum Nachweis von Antikörpem gegen Candida-Protease, und zwei Assays zum Nachweis von IgG-bzw. IgM-Antikörpem gegen heterogene metabolische Antigene von C. albicans. Der empfindliche spezifische Protease-Antigentest toleriert hohe Konzentrationen unspezifischer Serumproteine und kann deshalb auf Serumproben in geringer Verdünnung (z. B. 1:20) angewandt werden. Protease-Antigen war in 200 fach verdünnten Seren von 10 aus 11 intravenös infizierten NWNI-Mäusen nachweisbar. Die höchste Antigen-Konzentration trat zwischen dem 2. und 4. Tag nach Infektion auf; die Serum-Halbwertszeit von gereinigter Protease in der Maus betrug etwa 60 nun. Ein Anstieg korrespondierender Antikörper war in alien infizierten Tieren zu beobachten. Auch im Serum gesunder Probanden waren Antiprotease-Antikörper bis zu einem Titer von 1:8000 nachweisbar; der Protease-Antigentest fiel hingegen immer negativ aus. Die Titer von Antikörpern gegen metabolische Candida-Antigene erreichten in derselben Gruppe von Seren Werte von 1:5120 bzw. 1:1280. Die sechs Tests wurden unter diagnostischen Bedingungen verglichen; Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind Gegenstand einer weiteren Mitteilung.     

5-Oxo-1H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2,6-methano-2-benzazocin und seine Reduktionsprodukte

3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-2-benzazocin-5-one and its Reduction Products 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-2-benzazocin-5-one 2 has been prepared by oxidation of N-benzyl-4-piperidone 1 with cerium(IV) sulfate. 2 was reduced by sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride in various solvents. The stereoselectivity of these reductions is high. The configurations of the epimeric alcohols were determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy.     

Cerebrospinal fluidCHOLINESTERASES—MARKERS for loss ofcholinergic basal forebrain neurons?

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that cholinergic basalforebrain neurons are a major source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cholinesterases. To address thisquestion enzyme activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inboth CSF and parietal cortex were assayed following selective lesion of basal forebrain cholinergicneurons by a single intracerebroventricular application of the cholinergic immunotoxin192IgG-saporin. Cholinergic immunolesions led to a dramatic decrease in total AChE activity inparietal cortex, which was due to the specific loss of the G4 molecular form while the activity ofthe G1 form was increased as compared to nonlesioned animals. In contrast, the total enzymeactivity of BChE and its molecular forms were not affected by cholinergic lesion in both parietalcortex and CSF. The data suggest, that cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are seemingly not amajor source of cholinesterases in the CSF, and do not provide any evidence for using CSFcholinesterases as a diagnostic marker of basal forebrain cholinergic cell loss in humans.     

Influence of neonatal sympathectomy on proximal renal resistance artery function in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Renal transplantation experiments have shown that the kidney contributes to chronic sympathectomy-induced arterial pressure reduction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The underlying mechanisms are currently unclear but may include alterations in the function of small renal arteries. Neonatal SHR were sympathectomized by intraperitoneal guanethidine injections and removal of adrenal medullary tissue. Controls were sham- or hydralazine-treated. At 12 weeks of age, distal interlobar artery segments were investigated using small-vessel wire myography. Vessels from sympathectomized animals showed increased sensitivity to noradrenaline (NE). Vasopressin- and endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction was similar in all groups (as reflected by the pD₂, i.e. –logEC₅₀, where EC₅₀ is the molar concentration of agonist eliciting a half-maximal response). Maximum vasopressin-induced tension was similar in all groups while endothelin-1-induced maximum tension was significantly higher in sympathectomized than in sham-treated SHR. The sensitivity of NE-induced vasoconstriction to extracellular Ca²⁺ did not differ between groups while sensitivity to L-type Ca²⁺ channel activation was significantly higher in both sympathectomized and hydralazine-treated animals than in sham-treated animals. Endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation were similar in all groups. Sequential blockade of NO-synthase and cyclooxygenase had similar effects in all groups. In conclusion, neonatal sympathectomy does not induce any changes in the function of isolated proximal renal resistance arteries from SHR that could explain the blood pressure lowering effect of a kidney graft from sympathectomized SHR.     

Novel autosomal recessive progressive hyperpigmentation syndrome

We present a family of Iraqui origin with three siblings affected by a novel type of progressive hyperpigmentation syndrome. The generalized initially diffuse, later disseminated hyperpigmentation started in early infancy and increased during childhood. It also affected palms and soles, and the face but spared the cheeks. Additional features were dry, itchy and sunlight sensitive skin, dystrophy of toe nails, hair loss, and myopia, but normal sweat glands. Light and electron microscopy showed signs of pigment incontinence and compound melanosomes as well as fibrillar bodies. The occurrence of this entity in affected siblings from a consanguineous mating suggests autosomal recessive inheritance. Extensive review of the literature showed no previous report with this distinct combination of clinical and microscopic findings.