Multimodality imaging for focus localization in pediatric pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

Multiple structural and functional imaging modalities are available to localize the epileptogenic focus. In pre-surgical evaluation of children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, investigations with the maximum yield should be considered in order to reduce the complexity of the workup. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which PET, ictal/interictal SPECT and its co-registration with the patient's MRI contributes to correct localization of the epileptogenic focus, surgical intervention and to the post surgical outcome in paediatric patients. METHODS: The study population included children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (n = 50) who underwent preoperative evaluation, surgery and had postoperative follow-up for at least 12 months. Outcome was measured by postoperative seizure frequency using Engel's classification. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (78%) became completely seizure free after surgical intervention. The likelihood to benefit from surgical treatment was significantly higher if localization with more imaging modalities (MRI, PET, SPECT) were concordant with respect to the resected brain area (p < 0.01). Preoperative PET examination provided better localizing information in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and/or dysplastic lesions, whereas SPECT was found to be superior to PET in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and/or tumors (p < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the surgical outcome in younger or older age group, in children with or without special education needs. CONCLUSION: In paediatric epilepsy pre-surgical evaluation, the combined use of multiple functional imaging modalities for a precise localisation of the epileptogenic focus is worthwhile for both extratemporal and temporal lobe epilepsy, also when EEG and MRI alone are non-contributive, given the potential benefit of complete postoperative seizure control.     

Class III antiarrhythmic activity of novel substituted 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzamides and sulfonamides.

The synthesis and Class III antiarrhythmic activity of a series of 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzamides and sulfonamides are described. Selected compounds show a potent Class III activity and are devoid of effects on conduction both in vitro (dog Purkinje fibers) and in vivo (anesthetized dogs). Compounds having a 2-aminobenzimidazole group were found to be the most potent, and one compound having this heterocycle (5, WAY-123,398) was selected for further characterization. Compound 5 was shown to have good oral bioavailability and a favorable hemodynamic profile to produce a 3-fold increase of the ventricular fibrillation threshold and to terminate ventricular fibrillation, restoring sinus rhythm in anesthetized dogs. Voltage-clamp studies in isolated myocytes show that 5 is a potent and specific blocker of the delayed rectifier potassium current (IK) at concentrations that cause significant prolongation of action potential duration.     

Current role of laser and photodynamic therapy in gastrointestinal tumors and analysis of a 10-year experience.

Laser energy can be used for a variety of neoplastic diseases including benign tumors, early stage malignancies, and advanced carcinomas, either with curative intent or for palliation. Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation of 168 colorectal adenomas allowed a complete eradication in 70% of cases, after a mean follow-up of 22 months. Advanced and obstructing tumors were treated with Nd:YAG laser to recanalize the lumen. In the upper gastrointestinal tract the recanalization of the lumen by means of laser photocoagulation improved the quality of life and survival. In fact, in our series of 308 patients treated, 1-year survival was 23% in recanalized patients and 7% in nonrecanalized patients. In the lower gastrointestinal tract, 289 cancer patients were treated and an amelioration of symptoms related to the obstruction was obtained in 93%. The current indication for photodynamic therapy is mainly the treatment of flat or ulcerative early stage tumors in the esophagus and stomach of high risk patients. Out of 17 patients treated, 14 were locally cured.     

Problems in the design of anticancer agents

Theoretically, two predominant paths for obtaining more selective anticancer agents may be envisaged. These are: (a) to make compounds which distribute only or preferentially in cancer cells; (b) to make compounds that are able selectively to kill or to differentiate cancer cells. Although in the last two decades research into new anticancer drugs has not produced satisfactory results, there is solid ground on which novel strategies can be developed, mainly based on a much greater biological knowledge of human tumours. This article does not review all the possible approaches that may be followed, but simply discusses some ideas and problems mainly taken from the current research of our laboratory.     

Two-step endoscopic resection of gastric leiomyomas

Summary Our two-step technique for endoscopic treatment of gastric leiomyomas is illustrated. From January 1979 to June 1991, nine symptomatic patients with sessile leiomyomas of the stomach were treated at the Endoscopy Division of Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan.The diagnosis was achieved by means of endoscopic observation of the lesion and, when possible, by ultrasound endoscopy.This new technique consists of first removing superficial portion of the tumor by electrosurgical snare. Second, a cleavage plane is found within the proper muscle layer; the tumor is enucleated as much as possible by tightening the snare around it and creating a pseudo-stalk. No major complication occurred nor were any recurrences observed at 21.8 months in the 7/9 patients treated by endoscopy alone. Endoscopic therapy was performed on an outpatient basis and only large lesions required short hospitalization.     

Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test for the qualitative detection of circulating antibodies to the leishmanial recombinant antigen K39 with that of a classical immunofluorescent antibody test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Sera from 143 Italian subjects, including 69 patients with clinically suspected visceral leishmaniasis, 23 patients with hypergammaglobulinemia and 51 healthy controls, were tested. The immunochromatographic test was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, using antigen-impregnated nitrocellulose paper strips. The immunofluorescent antibody test was performed according to an established method, using promastigotes of Leishmania infantum zymodeme Montpellier 1 as antigen. In 11 patients, diagnosis of active Leishmania infection was established by microscopic examination of biopsy samples and/or clinical response to meglumine antimoniate. Results of the two tests correlated for all but two sera examined. In two patients, one with proven infectious mononucleosis and one with bacterial pneumonia, the immunofluorescent antibody test was positive and the dipstick test was negative. In the restricted sample of patients in whom a definitive diagnosis was established, the immunochromatographic test was positive in 11 of 11 patients with confirmed Leishmania infection and negative in 103 of 103 subjects who either had other documented diseases or were healthy controls, showing 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Electronic Publication     

High-sensitivity, high-linearity, low-leak, self-balanced impedance cardiograph

An impedance cardiograph (so-called cardioimpedance meter) with the following characteristics is described: preadjustable current generator range of 0-4 mA rms at 100 kHz, crystal-controlled; sensitivity up to 50 V/omega with a resolution of 2 m omega; maximum nonlinearity of 2%; 0.7 microA arms of maximum leak current at 50 Hz; flat frequency response between 0 and 19 Hz. The instrument is self-balanced, using Arenson's bridge [1] with minor modifications, and is also able to operate as a plethysmograph, respirograph, and as an intracardiac Z-meter. Preliminary test as an impedance cardiograph yielded a correlation coefficient better than 0.8 when the stroke volume was evaluated by Kubicek's method and compared with values obtained using thermodilution.     

Rapid immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis

An rK39 immunochromatographic test and immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis were evaluated. The two tests showed correlation for all but one of the sera obtained from 68 dogs confirmed as leishmaniasis cases and 40 dogs (22 healthy dogs and 18 dogs with other diseases) from areas where the disease is not endemic. Specificity was 100% for both tests, while sensitivity was 97% for the rapid test and 99% for IFAT.     

Family planning in Italy

In the past 5 years, four knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) surveys on family planning have been organized by the Unit of Population Survey Methodology of the Istituto Superiore di Sanita' (National Institute of Health). These surveys show that during the past 20 years, use of reliable contraceptives in Italy has increased, particularly in the North, encouraged by the more open attitude toward sexual behavior, following legalization of the provision of information on contraception and abortion upon request, and other social and cultural changes.In 1989 and 1991, 25% of women in Central and Southern Italy were using the pill or an IUD. However, the percentage of women not using contraceptives was still high (26% in 1989, and 19% in 1991) and withdrawal was the most widley used method (31% and 33%). The data show large regional differences.The main reasons for not using contraception, in the 1989 study, were fear of side-effects and ignorance, especially in the youngest and oldest women. Those least likely to use modern contraception were the young, the ill-educated and the nulliparous women.Lack of information seems to be the main problem in Italy. In fact, the 5044 women interviewed showed a medium level of knowledge of contraception, with only 63% who could identify correctly the fecund period in the menstrual cycle. However, their attitude toward the use of modern contraception was positive; 65% of the women interviewed said they would recommend the Pill or an IUD to a friend, and 10% of them would recommend condoms.Induced abortion is still common in Italy (13 reported abortions per 1000 women aged 15–44), although the incidence has steadily decreased since 1982. In the vast majority of cases, abortion was an emergency measure after the failure of contraceptive methods. It has been calculated that from 10% to 50% of induced abortions might be prevented in a short period through appropriate programs of health education and family planning involving the 2474 governmental maternal and child healt clinics in Italy.

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Resumen En los 5 últimos años, la Sección de Metodología de Encuestas Demográficas del Istituto Superiore di Sanità realizó cuatro estudios de conocimiento, actitud y práctica (KAP) respecto a la planificación familiar. Estos estudios indican que, en los 20 últimos años, el uso de anticonceptivos fiables en Italia ha aumentado, especialmente en el norte, fomentado por una actitud más abierta en cuanto a la conducta sexual, tras la legalización y otros cambios sociales y culturales.En 1989 y 1991, el 25% de las mujeres de la región central y meridional de Italia utilizaban la pídora o el DIU. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de mujeres que no utilizaban anticonceptivos continuaba siedo alto (26% en 1989 y 19% en 1991) y elcoitus interruptus era el método más utilizado (31% y 33%). Los datos indican grandes differencias regionales.Los motivos principales de la no utilización de anticonceptivos, en el estudio de 1989, eran el temor a los efectos secundarios y la ignorancia, especialmente entre las mujeres de menor y de mayor edad. Las que probablemente menos utilizaran anticonceptivos modernos eran las mujeres jóvenes, las de bajo nivel de educación y las nulíparas.La falta de información parece ser el problema principal en Italia. En realidad, las 5044 mujeres entrevistadas tenían un nivel medio de conocimiento y sólo el 63% pudo identificar correctamente el período de fecundidad del ciclo menstrual. Sin embargo, su actitud respecto al uso de anticonceptivos modernos era positiva; el 65% de las mujeres entrevistadas manifestaron que recomendarían la píldora o el DIU a una amiga y el 10% de ellas recomendarían preservativos.El aborto provocado continúa siendo común en Italia (13 abortos notificados por cada 1000 mujeres de 15–44 años de edad) si bien su incidencia ha disminuido constantemente desde 1982. En la gran mayoría de los casos, el aborto era una medida de emergencia después del fracaso de un método anticonceptivo. Se ha calculado que del 10 al 50% de los abortos provocados podría impedirse en un plazo breve mediante programas apropiados de educación sanitaria y planificación familiar con la participación de las 2474 clínicas maternoinfantiles estatales de Italia.

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Resumé Au cours de cinq dernières années, le service chargé de la méthodologie pour les enquêtes sur la population à l'Istituto Superiore di Sanità a organisé quatre enquêtes sur les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques en matière de planning familial. Ces enquêtes ont révélé qu'au cours de vingt dernières années en Italie, l'utilisation de contraceptifs fiables s'est répandue, notamment dans le nord du pays, encouragée par une attitude plus ouverte à l'égard du comportement sexuel à la suite de changements législatifs et autres dans le domaine social et culturel.En 1989 et 1991, 25% des femmes en Italie centrale et méridionale utilisaient la pilule ou un DIU. Le pourcentage de femmes ne faisant appel à aucune méthode de contraception était cependant encore élvé (26% en 1989 et 19% en 1991) et le retrait était la méthode la plus fréquemment adoptée (31% et 33%). Les données font apparaître d'importantes différences régionales. D'après l'étude de 1989, les raisons essentielles du non emploi des contraceptifs provenaient de la crainte d'éventuels effects secondaires et de l'ignorance, surtout chez les juenes et les femmes plus âgées. Les femmes les moins susceptibles de faire appel à la contraception moderne étaient les jeunes, les femmes peu éduquées et les nullipares.Le manque d'information semble être le problème principal en Italie. En fait, les 5044 femmes interrogées ont fait preuve de connaissances moyennes sur la contraception, 63% à peine étant capables d'identifier correctement la période de fécondité du cycle menstruel. Leur attitude à l'égard de la contraception moderne était cependant positive; 65% des femmes interrogées ont répondu qu'elles recommanderaient la pilule on un DIU à une amine, et 10% qu'elles recommanderaient le préservatif.Les avortements provoqués sont encore fréquents en Italie (13 avortements signalés pour 1000 femmes de 15 à 44 ans), mais leur incidence a progressivement diminué dequis 1982. Dans la grande majorité des cas, l'avortement est une mesure d'urgence après l'échec des méthodes de contraception. On a calculé que 10 à 50% des avortements provoqués pourraient être évités en peu de temps si l'on prévoyait des programmes appropriés d'éducation sanitaire et de planning familial dans les 2474 cliniques maternelles et infantiles qui existent en Italie.

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This paper is a revised version of one presented at the Workshop Acceptance and Effectiveness of Modern Contraception, organized by the International Health Foundation at the SAC Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, October 1992.