Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38‐A and M27‐A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 μg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 μg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 μg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC‐based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α‐demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高碘致小白鼠甲状腺肿的实验研究

目的 了解高碘致甲状腺肿组织学改变及其与碘的剂量关系,探讨高碘对甲状腺损害的基本规律.方法 利用不同浓度碘饮用水喂养小白鼠,于180d时,在光镜下观察小白鼠甲状腺形态结构改变.结果 碘过多可引起小白鼠甲状腺肿大,肿大率随碘剂量的增加而增加,剂量越大,肿大越明显,同时甲状腺形态结构发生病理改变.其表现为滤泡数量增多、体积增大、滤泡壁上皮细胞增生、胶质增多、间质毛细血管扩张、间质水肿等.病理改变大体上与水碘呈剂量反应关系.结论 高碘饮用水可引起实验动物呈剂量反应的甲状腺病理组织改变,甲状腺增生、胶质代谢障碍、毛细血管扩张及间质水肿为其主要表现.     

COX-2及Fas蛋白表达与宫颈癌放疗敏感性的关系

目的:探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及Fas蛋白的表达与宫颈癌放疗敏感性的关系。方法:60例患者随机分成2组,单纯放疗(Radiotherapy,RT)组30例给予10Gy放疗,放化疗(Synchronal radiochemotherapy,CRT)组30例先行一次化疗后再给予10Gy放疗,采用免疫组织化学法分别检测30例单纯放疗和30例放化疗联合治疗宫颈癌患者治疗前后肿瘤细胞中COX-2及Fas蛋白的表达情况。结果:RT组和CRT组完全缓解率分别为50%和90%。Fas蛋白的表达在RT组治疗前后分别为33.33%和70.00%;在CRT组治疗前后分别为26.67%和76.67%,两组治疗前后比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01),阳性率组间比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。COX-2蛋白的表达在RT组治疗前后分别为50.00%和30.00%;在CRT组治疗前后分别为53.33%和23.33%,表达阳性率治疗后较治疗前明显降低,但RT组治疗前后阳性率比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),而CRT组治疗前后阳性率有显著性差异(P<0.05),治疗前后组间阳性率比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。经相关分析表明肿瘤细胞治疗前后Fas蛋白与COX-2表达均具有显著的等级负相关性。结论:COX-2可能通过下调或抑制Fas蛋白表达,从而促使肿瘤细胞逃避Fas系统介导的宿主免疫检测;放疗及化疗可下调COX-2的表达,两者结合检测治疗前后Fas和COX-2蛋白的表达,可作为较好的放疗敏感性的预测指标。     

能谱CT成像结合低浓度对比剂用于冠状动脉CT血管成像的初步研究

目的 探讨能谱CT成像结合低浓度对比剂在冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)中应用的可行性.方法 60例疑诊冠心病的患者采用随机数字表法随机分为3组,行CCTA检查,每组20例.A组使用含碘350 mg/ml对比剂进行120kVp前瞻性心电门控扫描,B、C组分别使用含碘350和270 mg/ml对比剂进行宝石CT能谱成像扫描,并通过调节不同keV水平分别分为5个亚组(60、65、70、75、80 keV),分别记为B1～B5、C1～C5组.测量主动脉窦部(AS)、左主干(LMA)、左前降支近段(LAD-p)、左回旋支近段(LCX-p)、右冠状动脉近段(RCA-p)、心包脂肪的CT值及主动脉窦部噪声,计算信噪比(SNR)和对比噪声比(CNR).采用单因素方差分析比较A组与B组客观评价指标,两两比较采用LSD法,选择最佳keV.采用独立样本t检验比较A组与C组最佳keV各项指标的差异.结果 使用相同浓度对比剂(含碘350 mg/ml)时,B1～B5组CNR分别为21.2±3.4、21.5±4.0、21.5±4.0、21.8±4.2、20.7±3.5,较A组(16.6±3.8)升高且差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中B1～ B4组进行组间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);A组各目标血管CT值为(393.6±45.1)、(384.8±56.0)、(375.6±37.7)、(366.4±70.8)、(369.1±66.8)HU,噪声为(31.1±9.9)HU,B2组各目标血管CT值[(481.4±43.2)、(466.7±69.3)、(434.1±48.8)、(436.3±42.5)、(427.4±48.6) HU)]较A组增高(P值均＜0.01),且噪声[(28.2±7.3)HU]较A组减低(P＜0.01);即65 keV为最佳keV.C2组(270 mg/ml对比剂GSI扫描65 keV)目标血管CT值[(396.3±76.3)、(390.4±74.4)、(359.5±83.1)、(358.3±67.7)、(365.4±68.2) HU)]及图像噪声[(29.1±5.6)HU]、信噪比(14.6±4.2)、对比噪声比(18.4±4.8)与A组比较差异均无统计学意义(t值为-1.29～1.40,P值均＞0.05).结论 宝石CT能谱成像65 keV水平图像结合含碘270 mg/ml对比剂行冠状动脉CT血管成像检查时,在降低患者碘摄入量时,仍可获得与常规120 kVp前门控扫描相当的客观图像质量.     

185例孕妇TORCH系列病原体及人细小病毒B19感染的检测

目的　了解我区孕早期妇女弓形体、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹 (TORCH)及人细小病毒B19的感染情况。方法　用ELISA法检测 185例孕早期妇女血清中特异性TORCH/HPVB19 IgM抗体。结果　感染率分别为弓形体 2 .2 % ,风疹病毒 1.6 % ,巨细胞病毒 1.6 % ,单纯疱疹病毒 1.1% ,人细小病毒B19(HPVB19) 8.1% ,其HPVB19 IgM抗体阳性率与TORCH各项相比 ,差异有极显著的统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　我区孕妇中人细小病毒B19新近感染率明显高于其它TORCH各项病原体的新近感染率 ,有必要把HPVB19列入TORCH监测项目中 ,以提高妊娠质量     

宫颈癌皮肤转移5例临床分析

目的 探讨宫颈癌皮肤转移患者的临床特点、诊治过程及预后。方法 我院自2006年6月至2011年6月共收治宫颈癌患者574例,其中5例确诊为宫颈癌皮肤转移。收集该5例患者的临床、病理及随访资料,并分析其临床特点、诊治过程及预后。结果 宫颈癌皮肤转移的发生率为0.87％（5／574）,均为宫颈癌ⅡA～ⅢB期患者。其中,4例在确诊宫颈癌并完成治疗后的随访过程中发现皮肤转移; 1例为初治患者,入院后1个月发现逐渐增大的皮肤结节,手术切除后确诊为皮肤转移。4例患者合并肺部、骨骼等其他部位的转移。4例患者行手术完整切除皮肤病灶,术后1例因合并有多发骨转移且骨痛明显接受核素治疗,1例行全身化疗,2例仅接受对症支持治疗。1例患者因头皮转移病灶向内侵犯颅骨,无法行手术切除,行穿刺检查诊断转移后接受调强适形放疗。随访中3例患者死亡,另2例诊断宫颈癌皮肤转移分别为3个月、5个月,仍存活。结论 宫颈癌皮肤转移发生率低,通常合并有其他脏器的转移,治疗较困难,预后较差。     

食管癌病人局部淋巴结隐匿性微小癌转移的免疫组化研究

对１１５例食管癌病人被切除的３８１枚淋巴结经常规病理检查无癌转移者进一步做免疫组化研究。这些淋巴结经连续切片、抗角蛋白血清免疫组化染色进行复查，发现其中２６例病人（２２．６％）的２７枚淋巴结（７％）存在单个或小团癌细胞微小癌转移灶。隐匿性微小癌转移的检出率不同民族、性别间差异无统计学意义。淋巴结内隐匿性癌转移灶的存在，涉及到癌细胞广泛扩散和转移的基本规律、临床分期、治疗及评价预后等重大肿瘤发展生物学问题。对此进行深入研究有助于探索控制恶性肿瘤发展的新途径。     

Autoradiography of central benzodiazepine receptors in the hippocampus during morphine clearance in surgically manipulated rats

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the stress caused by minimally invasive surgery alters benzodiazepine receptor subtypes in different areas of the hippocampus and to characterize the role that loss of morphine tolerance plays in surgical stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Minimally invasive surgical manipulation consisted of implantation of subcutaneous pellets under halothane anesthesia. The experiments were performed in 9 groups of male rats: naive rats (no manipulation), 4 sham groups (sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after removal of sham pellets), and 4 morphine groups (sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after removal of morphine releasing pellets). Receptor autoradiography was performed with receptor saturation binding studies. The benzodiazepine receptors were [3H]flunitrazepam labeled; zolpidem binding was used to characterize receptor subtypes. RESULTS: The surgically manipulated groups, whether treated with morphine or not, displayed increased benzodiazepine receptor density in comparison with naive animals for all receptor subtypes. No significant differences in radioligand affinity were observed for the various receptor subtypes under any of the experimental conditions. Benzodiazepine receptor uptake did not differ significantly between morphine treated and untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical stress increases benzodiazepine receptor density but does not alter affinity. Loss of tolerance to morphine does not seem to play an important role in surgically caused stress.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上下颌牙弓关系的评价

目的：用Goslon Yardstick评价系统来评价替牙列期和恒牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上、下颌牙弓协调性的差异,为继发牙畸形的诊断、矫治设计和序列治疗提供依据。方法：对40例患者取牙模型并根据牙列情况分为两组,替牙列期组（n=18）和恒牙列期组（n=22）。用石膏模型,对其牙弓关系行Goslon Yardstick等级评价,并对不同牙列期组间的Yardstick等级进行统计学检验。结果：替牙列期组中,22.2%患者上下颌牙弓协调性差,属于GoslonYardstick等级4和5;Goslon Yardstick均值为2.72。恒牙列期组中,40.9%患者上下颌牙弓协调性差,属于GoslonYardstick等级4和5;Goslon Yardstick均值为3.46。结论：单侧完全性唇腭裂患者恒牙列期比替牙列期上下颌牙弓协调性差,治疗难度更大。