Amine Prodrugs Which Utilize Hydroxy Amide Lactonization. I. A Potential Redox-Sensitive Amide Prodrug

Several amides of 3-(3,6-dioxo-2,4-dimethylcyclohexa-l,4-diene)-3,3-diniethylpropionic acid (2) have been synthesized and tested as model redox-sensitive pro-prodrugs of amines. The reduction of these model pro-prodrugs generated hydroxy amide intermediates 4a-4h, the lactonization of which resulted in amine release. The rates of lactonization of 4a-4h were investigated at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The half-lives for appearance of the product lactone la from these intermediates were found to range from 1.4 to 3.4 min. With such rapid lactonization rates, it is believed that reduction will be the rate-limiting step in the two-step conversion of the pro-prodrug to the amine.     

Amine Prodrugs Which Utilize Hydroxy Amide Lactonization. II. A Potential Esterase-Sensitive Amide Prodrug

In an effort to develop esterase-sensitive pro-prodrugs for amines, an amide derivative of 3-(2-acetoxy-4,6-dimethylphenyl)-3,3- dimethylpropionic acid (4-methoxyaniline amide (8) was synthesized and its stability investigated. This esterifled hydroxy amide was found under all conditions to degrade via a two-step process initiated by acetyl ester hydrolysis generating the hydroxy amide intermediate 9a. The lactonization of this intermediate 9a in the second step resulted in the formation of 4-methoxyaniline (10) and 4,4,5,7-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin (la). The pro-prodrug 8 was observed to possess the following half-lives at 37°C under various conditions: 4030 min in phosphate buffer (50 mM, µ = 0.15) fixed to pH 7.4, 11.9 min in the same buffer containing a porcine liver esterase, 53.7 min in plasma, and 475 min in plasma containing diisopropylfluorophosphate. These results suggest that in a biological milieu the ester hydrolysis will occur by the enzymic hydrolysis rather than the chemical hydrolysis and that the enzymic hydrolysis of 8 in plasma is due, in part, to the action of serine-dependent esterases.