The Butajira rural health project in Ethiopia: mortality pattern of the under fives.

A total of 492 deaths of children below 5 years of age were registered during a 2-year period of demographic surveillance in a rural population of Ethiopia, where an epidemiologic study base population of 28,780 individuals was established in 1987. Data were collected by lay-reporters using a verbal autopsy method. The under-five cumulative mortality rate was 209 per 1000 children. When sub-divided into infants and children 1-4 years, the respective yearly mortality rates were 101 and 32.3 per 1000. There were considerable variations within the district by Peasants' Associations. Rural Lowlands experienced the highest mortality rates, especially for children 1-4 years. Mortality trends over a 2-year period indicate a significant increase for the child population, but not for infants. Similar trends were observed for boys and girls although the rates for boys were generally higher especially during infancy. More deaths occurred in the months of April, June, and July, and October and November indicating two peak seasons in both years. More deaths occurred in Peasant's Associations that were furthest from the health centre. Major probable causes of death were acute respiratory infections, measles, and diarrhoea. It is concluded that even in rural areas of a developing country it is possible to collect from mothers the much needed and valid fertility and mortality data through epidemiological surveillance by using lay-reporters.     

FAM19A4基因启动子甲基化检测在宫颈癌及其癌前病变筛查的研究

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一。目前人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测及细胞学检查是宫颈癌及其癌前病变(CCPL)的主要筛查手段。由于上述传统筛查方法,仍然存在对CCPL漏诊的风险,因此寻找有效识别CCPL的特异性分子标志物,具有重要临床意义。对具有序列相似性家族19成员A4(FAM19A4)基因启动子甲基化定量检测,可有效检出CCPL组织,较传统筛查方法有较高特异度,有望成为CCPL筛查的特异性分子标志物。笔者拟就FAM19A4基因启动子甲基化定量检测,在CCPL筛查中应用的最新研究现状进行阐述,旨在为进一步推进CCPL筛查方法的开发,提供思路。     

Sampling‐based estimation for massive survival data with additive hazards model

For massive survival data, we propose a subsampling algorithm to efficiently approximate the estimates of regression parameters in the additive hazards model. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality of the subsample‐based estimator given the full data. The optimal subsampling probabilities are obtained via minimizing asymptotic variance of the resulting estimator. The subsample‐based procedure can largely reduce the computational cost compared with the full data method. In numerical simulations, our method has low bias and satisfactory coverage probabilities. We provide an illustrative example on the survival analysis of patients with lymphoma cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.     

Effects of Insulin Treatment on Intracellular Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Diabetic Rats

Withtherecognizedneedforstrictglycemiccontrolinthepreventionofcomplications,strate giesforaggressivetreatmentmustbeputintoeffect.Hence,theuseofinsuliniswiderandwi der,somuchastheearlyuseofinsulinisempha sized.Asitiswildlyknownthatinsulinisalipo genesishormone,andtype2diabetesarefrequent lyassociatedwithfattyliver,thisstudywasthere foredesignedtoexploretheeffectsofinsulintreat mentonhepaticintracellularlipidcontentandlipidmetabolisminliverinhigh fatfeedingtype2dia beticratsandthepossiblemechani…     

脐带源间充质干细胞促进造血细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠归巢

目的探讨脐带源间充质干细胞(hUC-MSC)在促进造血细胞归巢,提高造血干细胞植入中的作用. 方法 RT-PCR检测经体外培养扩增所得hUC-MSC归巢相关分子的表达;将hUC-MSC和CFDA-SE荧光标记的人脐带血单个核细胞(MNC)植入NOD/SCID小鼠建立共移植模型,分离共移植24 h后小鼠骨髓有核细胞,用流式细胞仪和荧光倒置显微镜观察脐带血造血细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠骨髓中含量的变化. 结果 hUC-MSC表达SDF-1及其受体CXCR-4以及相关黏附分子CD11a/ICAM-1、CD49d/VCAM-1;在hUC-MSC共移植情况下,流式细胞仪检测和荧光显微镜下细胞计数均发现人脐带血MNC在小鼠骨髓中的含量与单独脐带血移植相比较有显著提高[(145±59)/1×105vs (298±72)/1×105;(755±158)/5×105vs (1598±227)/5×105个骨髓有核细胞;n=9,P<0.05)]. 结论 hUC-MSC具有表达化学趋化因子及相关黏附分子的特性,有利于实现自身的归巢定位并引导造血干祖细胞的有效归巢与植入;动物模型的建立进一步证实其引导脐带血MNC在NOD/SCID小鼠体内向造血龛--骨髓富集(归巢)的作用.     

PAEs对原代培养的大鼠脂肪细胞PPAR-γ2表达的影响

目的:观察邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(Phthalate acid esters,PAEs)对原代培养的大鼠脂肪细胞过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体-γ2(Peroxisome prolifcrator activated receptor gamma 2,PPAR-γ2)mRNA表达的影响。方法:对脂肪细胞进行PAEs染毒培养,观察脂肪细胞多方面的变化,评价PAEs对脂肪细胞的影响。主要实验:①显微镜每天观察脂肪细胞的形态变化;②油红O染色提取法和MTT比色法检查脂肪细胞的生长状况;③提取脂肪细胞的总RNA,通过逆转录PCR实验,分析PPAR-γ2 mR-NA的表达情况。结果:①PAEs处理过的脂肪细胞由最初的小圆形变化为梭形最后变成椭圆形,大鼠脂肪细胞内出现脂肪颗粒,并逐渐增加,最后部分脂肪颗粒融合为较大的脂肪颗粒,符合脂肪细胞的发育规律。②随着培养液中PAEs浓度的增加,大鼠脂肪细胞产生的脂肪颗粒数量增多。③PPAR-γ2的表达随着PAEs浓度的增加而增加。结论:可以认为PAEs通过增强PPAR-γ2表达来促进脂肪细胞的生长发育,研究结果将会为研究PAEs与肥胖的关系提供科学依据,为进一步研究PAEs对健康的影响提供了一个新的思路。     

HPV及HLA在宫颈癌发生中的免疫机制研究进展

人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV),尤其是高危型HPV感染是导致宫颈癌的必要非充分条件.近年研究提出,宿主自身免疫遗传背景不仅参与病毒感染,而且参与肿瘤免疫,并在介导免疫识别、免疫应答、自然杀伤细胞自然杀伤作用和免疫调节力等方面发挥关键作用.深入探讨HPV病毒感染与人白细胞抗原(HLA)基因多态性的易感性、宫颈癌类型与人白细胞抗原(HLA)及其配体杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)易感性成为医学多学科共同研究的热点.现对HPV及HLA在宫颈癌发生中的免疫机制的最新研究进展给予综述.