血管外科临床实习应用PBL教学模式探讨与评价

血管外科是一门新兴学科,它是适应我们外科发展趋势下的重要组成部分。它的临床实习教学同样是在不停的摸索中以求探索出一种适合现代血管外科学发展方向的教学方法,这一直是教师教学工作中最重要的任务。现代外科的发展要求在临床教学中把握理论联系实际,教师要指导实习生把书本知识应用到临床实际工作中,既能适应临床工作的需求,也能符合现代化外科的发展潮流。PBL (problembased learning)教学模式是以问题为基础,病例为先导,学生自主运用所学知识解决实际问题,理论与实践紧密结合的教学方式。它提出了一种全新的学习理念,既培养了学生创造性思维和学习的能力,又发挥了学生学习的主观能动性。我们在血管外科临床实习教学中开展的PBL教学模式效果良好,值得在今后的血管外科临床教学工作中作进一步尝试及推广。     

Changes in T .lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain inJury

BACKGROUND： Besides local changes of cranial parenchymal cells, hemorrhage, etc., severe traumatic brain injuries also cause the changes of total body fluid and various functions, and the changes of lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets should be paid more attention to. OBJECTIVE： To reveal the changing laws of T lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain injury, and compare with mild to moderate brain injury. DESIGN： A comparative observation. SETTINGS： Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City; Central Laboratory of Shenzhen Hospital of Prevention and Cure for Chronic Disease. PARTICIPANTS： All the subjects were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City from August 2002 to August 2005. Thirty patients with severe brain injury, whose Glasgow coma score （GCS） was ≤ 8 points, were taken as the experimental group, including 21 males and 9 females, aging 16 - 62 years. Meanwhile, 30 patients with mild traumatic brain injury were taken as the control group （GCS ranged 14- 15 points）, including 18 males and 12 females, aging 15 -58 years. All the subjects were in admission at 6 hours after injury, without disease of major organs before injury Informed consents were obtained from all the patients or their relatives. METHODS： （1） The T lymphocytes and the subsets in peripheral blood were detected with immunofluorescent tricolor flow cytometry at l, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury in both groups. （2） The conditions of pulmonary infections were observed at 4 days after injury. The differences of measurement data were compared with the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes of T lymphocytes subsets at 1 - 14 days after severe and mild or moderate traumatic injury. RESULTS： Finally, 28 and 25 patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, whereas 25 and 21 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were analyzed at 7 and 14 days respectively, and the missed ones died due to the development of disease. （1） Changes of T lymphocyte subsets： At 1 and 3 days after injury, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 began to decrease, whereas CD8 increased in the experimental group, which were very significantly different from those in the control group （t =2.77 - 3.26, P 〈 0.01）, and began to recover at 7 days, which were significantly different from those in the control group （t = 2.06 - 2.24, P 〈 0.05）, and generally recovered to the normal levels at 14 days （P 〉 0.05）. （2） Conditions of pulmonary infections： At 4 days after injury, the rate of pulmonary infection was significantly different between the experimental group and control group [73% （22/30）, 0, x2=37.29, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION： Patients with severe traumatic brain injury suffer from damages of cellular immune function at early period （within 7 days）, and they are easily to be accompanied by pulmonary infections.     

临床推拿医案六则

临床诊疗过程中，或有症状与病因不符者，或有诊断不明或治疗不当者，而留下许多经验和教训。现将在临症中所遇六个典型病例介绍给大家。     

肠功能恢复汤的临床应用

目的:术后早期使用肠功能恢复汤,提高围手术期的治疗效果.方法:选择1 280例胃肠道术后患者,在48 h后予以中药鼻饲、灌肠,促使尽早排气,排便,恢复肠功能.结果:1 280例患者中,用1剂中药即排气的987例,占77.1 %,用2剂～3剂恢复占22.9 %.全组病人无严重并发症.结论:术后早期使用肠功能恢复汤,具有提高围手术期治疗效果,预防肠源性感染及术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生,提高患者的生活质量.     

推拿为主综合治疗腰椎间盘突出症100例临床观察

腰椎间盘突出症又称腰椎间盘纤维环破裂症、腰椎髓核脱出症。本病是推拿科常见的腰腿痛疾患,近年来患腰椎间盘突出症的病人越来越多。临床上多见患者起病突然,轻重不一,轻者还可直腰行走,重者则会影响到腰部活动甚至疼痛难忍,寸     

慢性高血压脑卒中中西医结合分型分期治疗的思考

脑卒中不是单一疾病,而是一组包括不同病因疾病(具有不同病理基础)的总称,其表现为不同临床类型、不同严重程度及临床转归的综合征.脑卒中发生后有一个发生进展的动态过程,临床上可以划分为不同病期,有相应的主要病理生理改变,在治疗上必然各有其侧重点,须实行"辩证论治"分型分期的个体化治疗原则.然而,目前临床实践中分型分期治疗缺乏精确简便实用的客观标准,具体实施存在诸多困难.笔者对此问题有如下认识:     

绒毛膜癌脾转移三例

我科自1996年8至2001年1月共诊断绒毛膜癌脾转移3例，报告如下。     

带血管蒂组织瓣移植修复踝周皮肤缺损肌腱骨外露体会

因外伤引起踝关节周围较大面积的软组织缺损，或外伤后创面感染引起皮肤缺损，肌腱骨外露，临床常见。在处理上较困难，处理不当往往造成踝关节功能障碍。自2000年以来，我院采用腓肠神经供养动脉为蒂的小腿后侧皮瓣，胫后动脉为蒂的小腿内侧皮瓣，足背动脉为蒂的足背皮瓣，修复踝周创面26例。皮瓣全部一次成活，取得良好效果。     

滑膜骨软骨瘤病的X线诊断

目的：提高对滑膜骨软骨瘤病的认识和诊断。方法：总结了12倒经普通照片，空气造影及手术病理证实的滑膜骨软骨瘤病。12例摄X线平片，其中9例进行膝关节空气造影。12例经手术病理证实。结果：普通照片仅能发现已钙化的病变组织，而关节腔造影则能清晰显示未钙化的结节及病变滑膜的情况。结论：关节腔造影对于小病变，未钙化结节，未完全钙化结节，滑膜病变的观察较为理想。