Die Inkorporation von markiertem Sauerstoff aus Wasser in die ATP-, Kreatinphosphat- und Orthophosphat-Fraktion intakter Muskeln bei Ruhe,tetanischer Reizung und Erholung

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 7 TextabbildungenDie vorliegenden Studien am Physiologischen Institut Freiburg i. Br. wurden durch einen Bundeszuschuß des Ministeriums für Atomkernenergie und Wasserwirtschaft (Bonn) ermöglicht. Die Untersuchungen in Zürich wurden aus Mitteln des Schweizer Nationalfonds getragen. Den genannten Institutionen gilt unser besonderer Dank. Vorläufige Mitteilungen über die Methode und die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse wurden bereits früher gegeben [siehe Fleckenstein, A. E. Gerlach, u. J. Janke gemeinsam mit P. Marmier: Naturwissenschaften 46, 365 (1959); Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 270, 20 (1959); P. Marmier gemeinsam mit E. Gerlach, J. Janke u. A. Fleckenstein: Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 270, 19 (1959); A. Fleckenstein: University of London Special University Lectures in Physiology 26–28. Oct. 1959: The turnover rates of high energy phosphate compounds during activity and rest as indicated by the oxygen exchange with H₂O¹⁸. Bericht von E. Gerlach sowie von J. Janke vor der Freiburger Med. Ges. vom 24. 11. 1959, vgl. Klin. Wschr. 38, 341–342 (1960)].     

Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of triamterene in the rat heart. Myocardial protection via elevation of extracellular K+ and Mg++ concentrations

1. 2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenyl-pteridine (triamterene) protects the rat heart against isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesions: Whilst cardiotoxic doses of isoproterenol produce deleterious myocardial Ca overload, simultaneous admistration of triamterene diminishes myocardial Ca incorporation considerably. 2. As to the mechanism of action, triamterene increases the plasma contents of K and Mg by inhibiting renal excretion. Accordingly, oral administration of K and Mg salts, leading to a similar rise in the K and Mg concentrations of the plasma, also prevents abundant myocardial Ca incorporation. 3. Cardioprotection by triamterene can, in fact, be simply explained by its action on the plasma K and (particularly) Mg levels. This conclusion is drawn from a quantitative comparison of the inhibitory effects of triamterene (40 mg/kg s.c.) with those of KCl or MgCl2 (10 mMol/kg p.o.) on the isoproterenol-induced increase in myocardial 45Ca uptake and absolute Ca concentration. 4. Isoproterenol induced cardiomyopathy of the rat, an experimental model of non-coronarogenic myocardial lesions, has hitherto been successfully prevented with the use of Ca-antagonists (verapamil, D 600, prenylamine, fendiline). These compounds reduce Ca influx by restricting the Ca conductivity of the myocardial sarcolemma membrane ("slow channel"). The action of triamterene, on the other hand, is based on a totally different cardioprotective principle, namely competitive inhibition of intracellular myocardial Ca accumulation via an increase in K and Mg supply. In the future treatment of cardiomyopathy it seems rather promising to try a combination of both a Ca-antagonist and triamterene, thus applying two different therapeutic principles simultaneously.     

Continuous infusion of low-dose doxorubicin, epirubicin and mitoxantrone in cancer chemotherapy: A review

With the recent development of reliable portable pumps and safe venous access systems, continuous infusion of chemotherapeutic agents on an out-patient basis has become feasible. Advantages of continuous infusion are the long-term exposure of tumour cells to the drug and the fact that most toxic effects are reduced for doxorubicin, epirubicin and mitoxantrone due to elimination of the high peak plasma levels. Preliminary data for doxorubicin suggest that its antitumour activity is maintained. Pharmacokinetic studies with epirubicin and mitoxantrone showed a linear relationship between drug dose infused and the steady-state plasma level for these drugs. The area under the curve for leukocytes drug level was higher during continuous infusion than after an equitoxic bolus injection of epirubicin and mitoxantrone. Well-randomized clinical trials will be necessary to investigate the role of continuous infusion of antracyclines and mitoxantrone in cancer chemotherapy in the future.     

Epidemiologic and Genomic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Superspreading Event in Nightclub,the Netherlands,June 2021

We report a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 superspreading event in the Netherlands after distancing rules were lifted in nightclubs, despite requiring a negative test or vaccination. This occurrence illustrates the potential for rapid dissemination of variants in largely unvaccinated populations under such conditions. We detected subsequent community transmission of this strain.     

Investigating Student Pharmacist Perceptions of Professional Engagement Using a Modified Delphi Process

Objective. To develop a definition of professional engagement, a list of professionally engaging and disengaging activities, and characteristics of those activities.Methods. A 2-round modified Delphi process was conducted using student pharmacists. The first round captured input while the second assessed agreement using a 5-point Likert scale.Results. A definition was created using the 3 items that reached consensus. All engaging characteristics reached consensus, and 25% (3/12) of the disengaging characteristics reached consensus. Lower rates of consensus were observed for activities, with 78% (7/9) of the professionally engaging and none of the disengaging activities reaching consensus.Conclusion. The findings of this study have implications for creating professionally engaging learning experiences for student pharmacists and suggest that ensuring activities contain certain professionally engaging characteristics may be more important than the activities themselves.     

Assessment programs to enhance learning

Background: Assessment is an essential part of the educational system. Usually, assessment is used to measure students’ knowledge, but it can also be used to drive students’ learning and behaviors. Assessment programs should be constructed in a well-balanced way allowing not only measuring students’ knowledge but also changing students’ behavior.

Objectives: In this paper, we will discuss different strategies that can be used to change students’ behaviors which may improve their learning.

Main findings: Assessment as well as the learning material should be congruent with the objectives. Based on the literature, we summarize findings that would address key points to allow assessment for learning instead of learning.

Conclusions: When constructing an assessment program, choices have to be made that depend on aspects like logistics, financial, organizational, managerial, educational culture, and cooperation of individual and key faculty members. It is important to realize that whatever decisions you make, students will always adapt their behavior to the way you construct your assessment program.     

Career Placement of Doctor of Pharmacy Graduates at Eight U.S. Midwestern Schools

Objective. To characterize postgraduation placement plans of 2013 doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) graduates.Methods. A cross-sectional survey of PharmD graduates from 8 midwestern colleges of pharmacy was designed to capture a comprehensive picture of graduating students’ experiences and outcomes of their job search.Results. At graduation, 81% of 2013 respondents had postgraduate plans, with approximately 40% accepting jobs and 40% accepting residencies or fellowships. Eighty-four percent of graduates reported being pleased with offers received, and 86% received placement in their preferred practice setting. Students perceived that securing residencies was more difficult than securing jobs. Students who participated in key activities had a nearly sevenfold increase in successful residency placement.Conclusion. While the demand for pharmacists decreased in recent years, responses indicated successful placement by the majority of 2013 graduates at the time of graduation.