With no two gunshot wounds (GSW) being the same, novel research into wound ballistics is challenging. It is evident that the majority of previous wound ballistic research has been conducted without the presence of clothing. Whilst the effect of clothing on wound contamination has been explored, there is a paucity of literature examining the effect of clothing on GSW patterns. The aim of this study was to test the effect of Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) UK military clothing on GSW patterns within calibrated blocks of 10% by mass gelatine, using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 36 blocks were shot, 18 by each projectile type, further divided into 6 with no clothing layers (Cnil), 6 with a single clothing layer (Cmin) and 6 with maximum clothing layers (Cmax) worn on active duty. Blocks were analysed with high-speed video and dissection to capture measurements of damage, and results compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within blocks with Cmax for both ammunition types compared to the other clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, inviting further study.
In specialized cells, the expression of specific tubulin isoforms and their subsequent post-translational modifications drive and coordinate unique morphologies and behaviors. The mechanisms by which b1-tubulin, the platelet and megakaryocyte (MK) lineage restricted tubulin isoform, drives platelet production and function remains poorly understood. We investigated the roles of two key post-translational tubulin polymodifications (polyglutamylation and polyglycylation) on these processes using a cohort of thrombocytopenic patients, human induced pluripotent stem cell derived MK, and healthy human donor platelets. We find distinct patterns of polymodification in MK and platelets, mediated by the antagonistic activities of the cell specific expression of tubulin tyrosine ligase like enzymes and cytosolic carboxypeptidase enzymes. The resulting microtubule patterning spatially regulates motor proteins to drive proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes, and the cytoskeletal reorganization required for thrombus formation. This work is the first to show a reversible system of polymodification by which different cell specific functions are achieved. 相似文献
Although the balance difficulties accompanying vestibular loss are well known, the underlying cause remains unclear. We examined the role of vestibular inputs in the automatic postural response (APR) to pitch and roll rotations of the support surface in freely standing cats before and in the first week after bilateral labyrinthectomy. Support surface rotations accelerate the body center of mass toward the downhill side. The normal APR consists of inhibition in the extensors of the uphill limbs and excitation in the downhill limbs to decelerate the body and maintain the alignment of the limbs with respect to earth-vertical. After vestibular lesion, cats were unstable during rotation perturbations and actively pushed themselves downhill rather than uphill, using a postural response that was opposite to that seen in the control trials. The extensors of the uphill rather than downhill limbs were activated, whereas those of the downhill limbs were inhibited rather than being excited. We propose that vestibular inputs provide an important reference to earth-vertical, which is critical to computing the appropriate postural response during active orientation to the vertical. In the absence of this vestibular information, subjects orient to the support surface using proprioceptive inputs, which drives the body downhill resulting in instability and falling. This is consistent with current models of sensory integration for computation of body posture and orientation. 相似文献
An animal model was used to study the pathogenesis of pin track infection. The roles of fluid accumulation around the pin/bone interface and mechanical loosening of the pin were specifically studied. In addition, the spread of bacteria in relation to the clinical appearance of the pin track was assessed. This study demonstrated that fluid accumulation around the interface is an important factor in the spread of infection from the superficial wound track to the medulla of the bone. Spread occurs despite the absence of mechanical pin loosening, and can occur before any clinical features of infection are apparent. 相似文献
Background Hypomagnesaemia is a relatively-common side effect of some systemic anti-cancer therapies (SACT). Oral and intravenous magnesium (given as injections or short infusions) have problems arising from their poor tolerability, and need for frequent administrations, respectively. Objective Assessing the effectiveness and safety of weekly continuous magnesium infusions (CMI) in the management of SACT-related hypomagnesaemia. Methods CMIs (initiated at 10 mmol/day and up-titrated subject to response) were prescribed to patients with ≥3 magnesium readings <0.5 mmol/L despite intravenous replacement with bolus-or-short-infusions (BSI). Efficacy (compared to BSI): (a) reduction in the number of moderate/severe hypomagnesaemia episodes, and (b) increase in mean magnesium serum levels. Safety: non-occurrence of grade ≥3 toxicities (according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events v4). Results Three patients were treated (mean age: 62-years), pre-SACT levels were 0.629 ± 0.121 mmol/L. Efficacy: (a) 1 versus 18 episodes; (b) 0.639 ± 0.093 mmol/L versus 0.533 ± 0.191 mmol/L. All comparisons were statistically significant in favour of CMI (p < 0.001). No magnesium-related grade ≥2 side effects were observed. Conclusion CMIs resulted in a marked reduction in the number of episodes of hypomagnesaemia and higher magnesium levels, with no significant side effects. CMIs represent a potential option for the management of SACT-related hypomagnesaemia, although further research in an expanded cohort is required. 相似文献