The effect of naloxone on the preoperative gastric volume and pH

The effect of 4 mg oral naloxone on preoperative gastric volume and pH of gastric aspirate was studied in a double-blind, randomized study. Twenty patients received 10 ml of naloxone (4 mg) mixed with 10 ml of orange juice, and 20 patients received 10 ml of isotonic saline mixed with 10 ml of orange juice, 2 h before surgery. Gastric content was obtained immediately after intubation of the trachea. No significant difference in gastric volume and pH of gastric aspirate was found between the two groups. It is concluded that naloxone does not affect gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion to a degree great enough to protect against aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs.     

Advanced practice nurses in emergency care settings: A demographic profile.

INTRODUCTION: Very little is known about clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners (advance practice nurses [APNs]) who practice in emergency care settings. The Advanced Practice Committee of the ENA sought to determine a profile of these individuals. METHODS: Surveys were distributed to all registrants at 2 ENA conferences and posted on the ENA Web site. This survey asked 17 questions concerning the demographic characteristics of the APN respondents (eg, education, experience, certification, state recognition, and practice area). The survey was completed by 166 APNs. RESULTS: APNs had considerable experience as ED registered nurses before becoming an APN. They obtained their APN education at the master's degree or post-master's degree level. State recognition was required for 89.2% of the APNs. The majority of APNs (61.4%) obtained their certification through the American Nurses Credentialing Center. Nurse practitioners were predominantly family nurse practitioners (43%), and clinical nurse specialists were either critical care clinical nurse specialists (8.9%) or had other certifications (5.9%). APNs provided services in both the main emergency department and the fast track (45.7%) and were relatively new to their role as an APN. DISCUSSION: Consistent with current educational and certification requirements, the vast majority of APNs held a master's degree. Although relatively new to their role as APNs in emergency care, they were nonetheless very experienced as ED registered nurses. The majority of APNs were certified, even though that is not required for practice in all states. Continued research is needed to identify the most effective utilization of APNs, document their contributions to patient care outcomes, and develop strategies to meet their educational and practice needs.     

Effects of exercise training on men seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus-1.

We examined the effects of chronic exercise on fitness and immune status in Caucasian males (34.9 +/- 5.6 yr) diagnosed by Western blot as seropositive for the HIV-1 virus. The exercise regimen involved 12 wk of 1 h sessions 3 d.wk: 20 min of cycle exercise at 60-80% HRreserve was followed by 35 min of strength and flexibility training. After matching subjects on health status (modified Walter Reed criteria), subjects (N = 37) were randomly assigned to exercise or a counseling control condition. Changes in strength, responses to the YMCA cycle test, and serum lymphocytes were tested by MANOVA in a condition (exercise or counseling)-by-time (pretest, posttest) design with repeated measures on time. Results indicated significant (P less than 0.001) group-by-time interactions for strength (N.m) (chest press and leg extension) and for HR (beats.min-1) and total time (TT) on the cycle test at 150 W. Strength and TT increased and HR decreased in the exercise condition, while control subjects did not change. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte, CD4+, and CD8+ cell counts, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were statistically unchanged for each condition. We conclude that HIV-1+ men, including those symptomatic for AIDS-related complex, can experience significant increases in neuromuscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness without changes in lymphocyte phenotypes or clinical diagnosis when the exercise regimen is prescribed and monitored in accordance with ACSM guidelines for healthy adults.     

Abnormal IL-2 receptor levels in non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage

BACKGROUND: Immunological abnormalities have been found in pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage. This study compared interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels in non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage with those found in serum from a non-pregnant group with no such history. METHODS: Group 1 comprised 49 non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (at least three consecutive miscarriages). Group 2 comprised 22 non-pregnant women with no history of miscarriage. Serum IL-2R levels were measured in all patients. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that although all women were not pregnant at the time of sampling, IL-2R levels were significantly higher in women in Group 1 compared with those in Group 2 (1589 +/- 1289 versus 1082 +/- 823 pg/ml; P < 0.05). Follow-up data were available for 21 women from Group 1. The next pregnancy ended successfully for 14 of these women, while seven miscarried again. The IL-2R levels obtained pre-pregnancy were not significantly different between the two groups (1480 +/- 910 versus 1356 +/- 716 pg/ml). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage have raised IL-2R levels. These increased pre-pregnancy IL-2R levels did not necessarily predict miscarriage for the next pregnancy.     

Colchester revisited: a genetic study of mental defect.

This reanalysis of a classic survey leads to inferences about design of genetic studies, resolution of heterogeneity, and the role of autosomal and sex-linked genes in mental retardation, which is no longer refractory to segregation analysis. By discriminating between sociofamilial and biological types we estimate that at least 351 autosomal loci can produce mental retardation, with an inbred load of 0.83 detrimental equivalents and a mutation rate of 0.008 per gamete, or less than 2.4 X 10(-5) per locus. The distribution of probands was estimated as: 7 per cent medical, 60 per cent sociofamilial, and 33 per cent biological. Simple genetic mechanisms account for virtually all the biological category. Within the sociofamilial group cultural inheritance and polygenes could not be resolved.     

c-Myc is essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and tumor progression

c-Myc promotes cell growth and transformation by ill-defined mechanisms. c-myc(-/-) mice die by embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) with defects in growth and in cardiac and neural development. Here we report that the lethality of c-myc(-/-) embryos is also associated with profound defects in vasculogenesis and primitive erythropoiesis. Furthermore, c-myc(-/-) embryonic stem (ES) and yolk sac cells are compromised in their differentiative and growth potential. These defects are intrinsic to c-Myc, and are in part associated with a requirement for c-Myc for the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as VEGF can partially rescue these defects. However, c-Myc is also required for the proper expression of other angiogenic factors in ES and yolk sac cells, including angiopoietin-2, and the angiogenic inhibitors thrombospondin-1 and angiopoietin-1. Finally, c-myc(-/-) ES cells are dramatically impaired in their ability to form tumors in immune-compromised mice, and the small tumors that sometimes develop are poorly vascularized. Therefore, c-Myc function is also necessary for the angiogenic switch that is indispensable for the progression and metastasis of tumors. These findings support the model wherein c-Myc promotes cell growth and transformation, as well as vascular and hematopoietic development, by functioning as a master regulator of angiogenic factors.