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M. Rowland S. Hewitt N. Durrani P. Saleh M. Bouma E. Sondorp 《Bulletin of the World Health Organization》1997,75(1):23-29
Between 1992 and 1995 a series of studies was undertaken to assess the long-term suitability of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets (PIBs) for malaria control in Afghan refugee communities in two villages in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. During 1992, 86% of bednet owners volunteered to have their bednets re-impregnated, and a further 15% of families purchased nets at two-thirds of cost price. From 1992 onwards, 27% of the villagers returned to Afghanistan, and annual house spraying campaigns were introduced to protect those still resident but sleeping without bednets. Within 3 years, these campaigns, together with PIBs, reduced the annual incidence of malaria by 87%, from 597 to 78 cases per 1000 population. Nevertheless, 65% of resident families continued to re-impregnate their nets annually with permethrin. To assess whether PIBs were still being used and were still protective, in view of these reduced transmission rates, we carried out a case--control study in 1994 on febrile or otherwise symptomatic patients presenting at village health centres. Comparison of the slide-positivity rates of PIB users and those without bednets showed that regular usage reduced the odds of contracting falciparum and vivax malaria to 0.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.55) and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.19-0.51), respectively. There was no evidence of a sex- or age-bias in bednet use or in protective effect. The results indicate that a community-based PIB programme is an appropriate malaria control measure in areas where management or security problems make traditional house-spraying campaigns impossible. A relevant finding for those involved in the monitoring of bednet distribution projects is that the local coverage of bednets and the local impact on malaria, even when introduced to remote areas, can be estimated very cheaply by health centre microscopists who simply catalogue blood film diagnoses according to patients'' bednet use practices. 相似文献
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An investigation has been made into the effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’) administration on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), uptake of [3H]5-HT and [3H]paroxetine binding in rat cerebral cortex tissue. Four days after 2 injections of MDMA (20 mg/kg i.p., 6 hr apart) the concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA were reduced by 60%. The binding of [3H]paroxetine to the presynaptic 5-HT transporter was decreased and high affinity uptake of [3H]5-HT was reduced by a similar amount, indicating neurodegeneration of 5-HT terminals. Pretreatment with chlormethiazole (100 mg/kg i.p.), 10 min before each MDMA injection prevented the decrease in both [3H]parotextine binding and uptake of [3H]5-HT. The loss in 5-HT and 5-HIAA content was also attenuated. Pretreatment with dizocilpine (1 mg/kg i.p.) or haloperidol (2 mg/kg i.p.) also prevented the MDMA-induced loss of [3H]paroxetine binding and attenuated the loss of 5-HT and 5-HIAA content. All three compounds also decreased the degree of hyperthermia that follows MDMA administration, although previous studies suggest that the long term neurodegeneration is not associated with the acute hyperthermic response. These data support the findings of others that MDMA injection produces degeneration of 5-HT nerve terminals in the cortex, confirm that chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and haloperidol attenuate MDMA-induced neurotoxic loss of 5-HT and demonstrate for the first time that these compounds prevent the neurodegeneration of 5-HT nerve terminals that follows MDMA administration. 相似文献
4.
Partial tolerance in rat renal allograft recipients following multiple blood transfusions and concomitant cyclosporine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C W Hewitt K S Black J C Harman K R Beko H S Lee A P Patel D C Martin 《Transplantation》1990,49(1):194-198
Multiple prior administrations of donor-strain blood while under limited cyclosporine cover, consistently induce extensive rat renal allograft survival and transplantation tolerance. Yet it was hypothesized that some chronic rejection mechanisms were nevertheless operative since consistent but nonprogressive minor renal dysfunction was observed long-term. A histopathologic study on these putative tolerant rats was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Twenty long-term LEW recipients of BN renal allografts receiving the blood-CsA regimen were examined histopathologically at day 100 post-transplant. Sixteen control LEW recipients receiving only a BN renal allograft were studied acutely at day 7 posttransplant. The control recipients demonstrated a range of lesions consistent with previous studies on acute renal allograft rejection in the rat. However, tolerant recipients demonstrated mild-to-moderate lesions consistent with chronic mechanisms of rejection including the following: moderate focal interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cellular infiltration, with periglomerular and perivascular accumulation; occasional arteriolar luminal obliteration and glomerular atrophy; focal areas of moderate interstitial fibrosis; mild interstitial hemorrhage; mild-to-moderate tubular atrophy; and focal tubular necrosis. Previously our laboratory has documented that tissue-specific renal basement membrane antigens may be responsible for inciting this pattern of focal chronic interstitial inflammation. However, from the present histopathologic studies, it would appear likely that chronic rejection mechanisms in these recipients, which were defined as tolerant by immunologic criteria, involve both tissue-specific and MHC determinants. Therefore, induction of transplantation tolerance in these indefinite survivors is partial or incomplete. 相似文献
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We report here the development of anti-Fy5 in a young Negro female with sickle cell disease. The antibody was responsible for a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. We believe this is the first report of such an antibody in Europe. 相似文献
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D Macfoy J Hewitt E Barker W A Francis 《European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology》1992,43(1):35-37
Over a 13-month period in a newly opened assisted conception unit at the Women's Hospital, Liverpool, gamete intra-fallopian transfer using donor semen, GIFT (D) was offered to eighteen couples who had failed to conceive after numerous cycles of treatment with artificial insemination by donor semen (AID). The indication for the use of donor semen was either azo- or severe oligoaesthenospermia, and, in addition, the female partners have been exhaustively investigated with no major cause found to account for the couple's infertility. Using a basic clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin protocol it was possible to achieve a pregnancy rate of 56% per GIFT (D) cycle. As a consequence of these results it is now our policy to treat couples whose infertility is due to an unresolvable male factor with AID for 12 cycles only. If they have been unsuccessful in achieving a pregnancy after this time, they are offered GIFT (D). 相似文献
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Preparation for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) uses the extremely emetogenic combination of chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI). Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 antagonist and has clear anti-emetic capabilities. The efficacy of the drug was assessed in 15 children (aged 2-17 years) who received high dose cyclophosphamide (on days -6 and -5) and TBI (days -3 to 0 inclusive). During days -6 to -4 when the emetic effect of cyclophosphamide would be most pronounced, 12 of the 15 patients (80%) had fewer than five emetic episodes during their worst 24-h period, 11 (73%) had fewer than three vomits whilst nine (60%) experienced no vomiting or retching. Eleven patients progressed to TBI and 10 (91%) had fewer than five emetic events in the worst 24-h period (days -3 to +2), six (55%) had no vomiting at all. Of 100 evaluable 'patient-days' 83 (83%) were without any vomiting or retching and a further 10 'patient-days' had only one or two emetic episodes. There were no significant side-effects noted and in particular no extrapyramidal reactions. Headaches and constipation, which have been seen in adult studies, were not reported by patient or parent on any of the study days and transient elevation of liver enzymes were noted in only two patients. Ondansetron has a major role in preparing patients for BMT. 相似文献