Sensitivity and specificity of a self-administered questionnaire for familial screening of adult-onset dystonia.

We developed a self-administered questionnaire for screening the most common adult-onset dystonias. It was tested in 90 first-degree relatives of 22 adult-onset dystonia patients, yielding 79% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Simulation of a case-finding procedure based on serial application of the questionnaire and clinical examination of both subjects screening positive and subjects screening negative who had < 8 years of schooling increased sensitivity to 95% and specificity to 100%. This questionnaire may be an important screening resource for familial aggregation studies to be used in the context of a complex case-finding procedure.     

Lecithin: cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in alcoholic liver disease

The activity of LCAT (the controlling enzyme for cholesterol esterification in plasma) is known to be reduced in alcoholic cirrhosis, while little is known about early stage (liver steatosis) alcoholics. In this study, LCAT activity was assayed by Stokke and Norum's method, before and after a 15-day sobriety period, in liver steatosis and in cirrhosis alcoholics. Before alcohol withdrawal, LCAT activity was depressed in both groups. After the sobriety period, LCAT activity was significantly raised in liver steatosis patients, but was still lower than in controls; in cirrhosis patients, it was increased, but not significantly. According to our results, LCAT activity impairment in alcoholic liver disease is sustained by both the hypothesized mechanisms, alcohol-related metabolic disorders and lowered LCAT-enzyme production, but to different degrees, depending on the stage of the disease. In liver steatosis, metabolic disorders play a major role, as a liver-impairment-induced decrease in LCAT production seems rather unlikely, and increased LCAT activity is more likely to be sustained by metabolic normalisation than by any recovery of the damaged liver. However, the lack of improvement in about 20% of patients, and the fairly wide scattering of individual data, suggest a minor LCAT production impairment in liver steatosis too. In cirrhosis, the major role seems to be played by a permanent decrease in LCAT production, as no significant rise in LCAT activity was observed after alcohol withdrawal. However the restored LCAT activity observed in some patients could be related to improvement in the metabolic disorder, thus confirming the effectiveness of this mechnism in cirrhosis too.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Emergency orthodontic treatment after the traumatic intrusive luxation of maxillary incisors.

Treatment of traumatically intruded teeth is based largely on empirical clinical experience rather than on scientific data. The aim of this qualitative meta-analysis was to provide an evidence base to evaluate the orthodontic repositioning approach. In a MEDLINE search of the literature in English, 14 reported patients involving 22 teeth were found to have been treated by this modality. Additionally, 3 new patients, involving 9 intruded teeth and presented herein, were combined to form a total study sample of 17 subjects (7 girls, 10 boys, aged 8.9 +/- 1.2 years). Orthodontic extrusive forces were applied in the immediate posttrauma period (up to 3 months), with a variety of orthodontic appliances. Repositioning was achieved for 90.3% of the affected teeth but failed in 9.7% because of inflammatory resorption (2 teeth) or a misdiagnosis of root fracture (1 tooth). Early complications included loss of pulp vitality and external root resorption. All intruded teeth with closed root apices lost their vitality regardless of the degree of intrusion, whereas among those with incomplete apices, 45.5% that had been moderately intruded remained vital. External resorption was encountered in 54.8% of the teeth. Loss of marginal bone support was rarely encountered. Late complications included inflammatory root resorption in teeth with closed apices, in which endodontic treatment was not initially performed, and obliteration of the pulp tissue in teeth that remained vital. The results show that this method is superior to other treatment alternatives.     

The dynamics of oral contraceptive use in the Netherlands 1990–1993

Data from an ongoing series of surveys on contraceptive use in the Netherlands were analyzed with respect to the percentages of oral contraceptive (OC) users who annually started use, discontinued use or switched to another OC type. The surveys had been conducted between 1990 and 1993 among samples of women aged 15–49 who belonged to a survey panel. Response rates of the surveys were 89–90% and the sample sizes ranged from 4560 to 4621 women. The assessed OC use rates reflected those of the Dutch population reasonably well. Of all respondents who had used OCs during the 12 months prior to the surveys, 12–15% discontinued use within this period, mainly in order to get pregnant, 12–16% were starters and 9–14% switchers. Of all starters 37% switched to another OC type within the first 12 months after starting. Switching was mainly related to the experience of perceived side-effects and wishes for better cycle control. The results highlighted the relevance of closely monitoring the individual woman's satisfaction with her OC. Since OC use appeared in many cases to be characterized by an active seeking for the most acceptable OC type, a wide range of OC types available and the development and introduction of new types is highly relevant for tailoring contraceptive use to individual needs.

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Resumen Se analizaron los datos de una serie de estudios que se están efectuando con respecto al uso de anticonceptivos en los Países Bajos a fin de determinar los porcentajes de usuarias de anticonceptivos orales (AO) que habían comenzado a utilizar, dejado de utilizar o pasado a otro tipo de AO, anualmente. Los estudios se habían efectuado entre 1990 y 1993 con muestras de mujeres de 15 a 49 años que formaban parte de un panel de estudio. Las tasas de respuesta de los estudios fueron del 89–90% y los tamaños de las muestras estuvieron comprendidos entre 4.560 y 4.621 mujeres. Las tasas de uso de AO evaluadas reflejaron las de la población holandesa razonablemente bien. De todas las encuestadas que habían utilizado AO durante los 12 meses anteriores a los estudios, el 12–15% dejó de utilizarlos dentro de este período, principalmente a fin de quedar embarazada, el 12–16% recién comenzaba a utilizarlos y el 9–14% había cambiado a otro tipo de AO. De todas las que recién comenzaban a utilizarlos, el 37% pasó a otro tipo de AO dentro de los 12 meses de iniciado su uso. El cambio se relacionaba principalmente con la experiencia de los efectos secundarios percibidos y el deseo de un mejor control del ciclo. Los resultados destacaron la importancia de una monitorización estrecha de la satisfacción individual de la usuaria con respecto a su AO. Dado que la utilización de AO pareció en muchos casos caracterizarse por la búsqueda activa del tipo más aceptable de AO, una amplia gama disponible de tipos de AO y el desarrollo y la introducción de nuevos tipos son aspectos que revisten gran importancia en la adaptación del uso de anticonceptivos a las necesidades individuales.

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Resumé Les données provenant d'une série en cours d'enquêtes sur l'utilisation des contraceptifs aux Pays-Bas ont été analysées du point de vue des pourcentages des utilisatrices de contraceptifs oraux (CO) qui ont, pendant chaque année, commencé à les utiliser, les ont abandonnés ou sont passées à un autre type de CO. Les enquêtes ont été menées entre 1990 et 1993 parmi des échantillons de femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans qui constituaient la population étudiée. Les pourcentages de réponses aux enquêtes se sont élevés à 89–90% pour un échantillonnage allant de 4560 à 4621 femmes. Les pourcentages d'utilisation de CO évalués reflétaient assez bien ceux de la population néerlandaise en général. Parmi toutes ces femmes qui avaient utilisé les CO durant les 12 mois précédant l'enquête, 12–15% avaient cessé au cours de cette même période, en général pour avoir un enfant, 12–16% avaient commencé à les utiliser et 9–14% avaient changé de type de CO. Parmi toutes celles qui avaient commencé, 37% ont changé de produit au cours des 12 premiers mois. Le choix d'un autre type de CO étail essentiellement lié à des effets secondaires ressentis et au désir de mieux régler le cycle menstruel. Les résultats mettent en évidence combien il est important de suivre de près dans quelle mesure les femmes sont individuellement satisfaites du CO qu'elles adoptent. Etand donné que l'utilisation des Co semble, dans beaucoup ce cas, être caractérisée par une recherche active du type de CO le plus acceptable, le choix possible dans toute une gamme de CO, ainsi que la mise au point et l'introduction de nouveaux types, permettent remarquablement bien d'adapter l'utilisation des contraceptifs aux besoins individuels.

     

Macromolecular turnover in brain during aging

During aging there are several structural, functional and biochemical alterations, including changes in macromolecular composition and turnover. Regulation of gene expression, DNA and RNA synthesis, total poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNA contents, qualitative and quantitative changes of synaptosomal plasma membrane proteins, diminished plasticity, loss of synapses, lower rate of axoplasmic transport, impairment of antioxidant and bioenergetic systems seem to be involved in the aging process of nervous system.     

Reducing the Occupational Risk of Infections for the Surgeon: Multicentric National Survey on More Than 15,000 Surgical Procedures

The objective of this study was to find the incidence of accidental exposures to blood and body fluids among surgeons during operations and to describe their dynamics. A probabilistic model was also used to predict the cumulative 30-year risk to the surgeon of contracting hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and estimate the effect of preventive strategies in reducing this risk. A multicentric prospective survey, based on self-administered questionnaires, was conducted during a period of 6 months in 39 Italian hospitals. An accidental exposure to blood or body fluids occurred in 9.2% of 15,375 operations. In about 2% of procedures a parenteral-type injury, such as actual skin puncture or eye contamination, was suffered by the operating surgeon. A needle-stick injury was the commonest accident, and its occurrence was found to vary with the phase of the procedure and its length. The current lifetime risk of acquiring HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in our regions was estimated to be as high as 42.7%, 34.8%, and 0.54%, respectively. The adoption of preventive strategies is expected to reduce this risk to 21% for HBV, 16.6% for HCV, and 0.23% for HIV infection. Active immunization of surgeons against HBV is strongly recommended. The case is also made for the use of a face-shield combined with a permanent change in our surgical practice capable of reducing the current high rate of parenteral injuries.     

2H-[1]benzothiepino [5,4-b]pyran derivatives with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic activities

The synthesis of some N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-5,6-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-[1]benzothiepino [5,4-b]pyran-2-ones by reaction of phenylchloroketene with a series of N,N-disubstituted (E)-4-aminomethylene-3,4-dihydro-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)-ones, followed by dehydrochlorination of the primary adducts with DBN, is described. The 4-methylphenylamino derivative showed a local anesthetic activity in mice superior to that of lidocaine and the 4-morpholino derivative showed an antiarrhythmic activity in rats comparable to that of quinidine.     

Oral tuberculosis associated with a treatment with anti-rheumatic drugs

BACKGROUND: The use of immunosuppressive medication is a dominant risk factor for infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Adalimumab [a human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) monoclonal antibody] represent an important advance in the treatment of RA and has been recently come in use. TNF-alpha plays a role in the host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and notably in granuloma formation. Infections occur at a high rate among those who use one or the combination of the two medications. METHOD: We examined a female patient that was referred to our department for evaluation and treatment of a granular lesion on the soft palate and uvula, complaining of mild dysphagia. The patient was treated for 4 months with MTX and adalimumab for RA before the oral lesion appeared. RESULTS: The histopathological examination of a specimen of the oral lesion, taken by biopsy, showed a chronic inflammation characterized by tuberculous granulomas. Polymerase chain reaction test and culture of a new specimen was positive for M. tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic use of MTX or/and adalimumab for the treatment of RA or few others diseases, can cause oral tuberculosis.