Pharmacological studies of antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics have suggested a role of dopamine and serotonin signaling in depression. However, depressive symptoms and treatment effects are difficult to explain based simply on brain‐wide decrease or increase in the concentrations of these molecules. Recent animal studies using advanced neuronal manipulation and observation techniques have revealed detailed dopamine and serotonin dynamics that regulate diverse aspects of motivation‐related behavior. Dopamine and serotonin transiently modulate moment‐to‐moment behavior at timescales ranging from sub‐second to minutes and also produce persistent effects, such as reward‐related learning and stress responses that last longer than several days. Transient and sustained effects often exhibit specific roles depending on the projection sites, where distinct synaptic and cellular mechanisms are required to process the neurotransmitters for each transient and sustained timescale. Therefore, it appears that specific aspects of motivation‐related behavior are regulated by distinct synaptic and cellular mechanisms in specific brain regions that underlie the transient and sustained effects of dopamine and serotonin signaling. Recent clinical studies have implied that subjects with depressive symptoms show impaired transient and sustained signaling functions; moreover, they exhibit heterogeneity in depressive symptoms and neuronal dysfunction. Depressive symptoms may be explained by the dysfunction of each transient and sustained signaling mechanism, and distinct patterns of impairment in the relevant mechanisms may explain the heterogeneity of symptoms. Thus, detailed understanding of dopamine and serotonin signaling may provide new insight into depressive symptoms. 相似文献
A 75-year-old man had been admitted to another hospital because of left abdominal pain, and was given a diagnosis of left hydronephrosis and acute pancreatitis. After a JJ stent insertion and medication, he was transferred to our hospital for further examinations. US and EUS revealed a chronic pancreatitis-like pattern and multicystic lesion in the pancreas head and body. At that time enhanced CT findings showed an extrapancreatic low density area to be inflammatory change, extending from the pancreas body to the left crus of the diaphragm and posteriorly the spreading from the left crus of the diaphragm via the left urinary duct into the left iliopsoas muscle, in which MRI revealed partial high intensity. ERCP and MRCP showed focal irregular narrowing of the pancreatic duct of unknown cause, and we decided that an internal pancreatic fistula due to pancreatitis had induced left ureteral obstruction, caused by a protein plug or alcohol. Follow-up 6 months later showed that extrapancreatic spreading of the low density area had markedly regressed without any change in the ureteral obstruction. 相似文献
The results of treatment of 7 patients with extensive hepatic hemangiomas are analysed. In 6 patients the diagnosis was established before the operation. The liver was resected in 4 patients. One patients with malignant degeneration of the hemangioma was inoperable, in another the hemangioma was not removed because of his old age, and still in another because the process had spread. The authors conclude that in large hemangiomas of the liver in young and middle-aged patients resection of the organ is indicated, especially if there is a destruction cavity and a rapid growth of hemangioma. The operation is not indicated in capillary, surface hemangiomas of a small size, old age of the patient, extension of the process in to the main vascular structures of the other hepatic lobe. 相似文献
Background: During anesthesia in humans, anterior displacement of the mandible is often helpful to relieve airway obstruction. However, it appears to be less useful in obese patients. The authors tested the possibility that obesity limits the effectiveness of the maneuver.
Methods: Total muscle paralysis was induced under general anesthesia in a group of obese persons (n = 9; body mass index, 32 +/- 3 kg sup -2) and in a group of nonobese persons (n = 9; body mas index, 21 +/- 2 kg sup -2). Nocturnal oximetry confirmed that none of them had sleep-disordered breathing. The cross-sectional area of the pharynx was measured endoscopically at different static airway pressures. A static pressure-area plot allowed assessment of the mechanical properties of the pharynx. The influence of mandibular advancement on airway patency was assessed by comparing the static pressure-area relation with and without the maneuver in obese and nonobese persons.
Results: Mandibular advancement increased the retroglossal area at a given pharyngeal pressure, and mandibular advancement increased the retropalatal area in nonobese but not in obese persons at a given pharyngeal pressure. 相似文献
Our previous studies demonstrated that sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) was induced in the remnant ileum of total colectomized
rats via the action of factors other than hyperaldosteronism. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether fecal stream
is required for the enhancement of SGLT-1-mediated sodium transport. Twenty-seven pairs of ileal tissues were obtained from
the proximal and distal side, respectively, of loop ileostomy after total proctocolectomy. Mucosae were mounted in an Ussing
chamber to evaluate glucose-coupled sodium transport. Levels of SGLT-1 mRNA in proximal and distal mucosae were compared by
Northern blotting. Villous height and crypt depth were measured to test for correlations between mucosal structure and SGLT-1-mediated
sodium transport or mRNA expression levels. Both glucose-coupled sodium transport and expression of SGLT-1 mRNA were significantly
lower in distal mucosae relative to proximal mucosae. In distal mucosae, villous height, but not crypt depth, was significantly
lower than in proximal mucosae, demonstrating a positive correlation between villous height and SGLT-1 function and expression.
Comparative studies of proximal and distal mucosae demonstrated that in addition to hormonal changes, fecal stream is required
for full induction of the sodium transport system (which includes SGLT-1-mediated transport) in the remnant ileum following
total proctocolectomy.
Presented in part at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois,
May 14–19, 2005 (poster presentation).
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 10557118 and 14657295 from the Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture of Japan to K. Fukushima, and by Kanae Foundation to K. Fukushima. 相似文献
Oocyte development has been divided into 5 distinct stages in the reared matrinx?, Brycon cephalus, based on morphological criteria by light and transmission electron microscopy: I) chromatin-nucleolus; II) perinucleolar; III) cortical alveoli; IV) vitellogenesis; V) final maturation. In stages I and II (primary growth), oocytes reside in nests close to other oocytes (chromatin-nucleolus phase) and then within a definitive follicle (perinucleolar phase) where they greatly increase in size (the Balbiani vitelline body is the main cytoplasmic component in these latter oocytes), respectively. In stage III (cortical alveolus phase) oocytes are distinguished by the appearance of variably sized cortical alveoli and the number of these structures increases steadily towards hydration. The vitelline envelope becomes prominent. In the process of vitellogenesis (stage IV) one major accumulation of yolk proteins occurs in oocytes. In stage V (final maturation), oocyte increase slightly in size. Follicle cells go through a primordial stage and later change to a squamous and to a cubical shape. The chorion grows to a tripartite structure: an outer thin porous layer, an intermediate homogenous layer and an inner thick helicoidal layer. The ovulation of females matrinx?, required hormonal stimulation and this occurred 6 and 8 h after the second application. 相似文献
A variety of pathological changes are seen in lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung but the histogenesis of these abnormalities is not yet fully understood. We previously showed that adenovirus vector-mediated transient expression of both the human interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) genes, but not the IL-6 gene alone, in the rat lung induced lymphocytic alveolitis. In the present study, we explored the lung pathology of human IL-6 and IL-6R double transgenic mice to elucidate the effects of prolonged IL-6 signalling on the lung. The transgenic animals developed mononuclear cell accumulation in peribronchovascular regions, but little infiltration into alveolar spaces. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the cellular accumulations contained not only mixtures of inflammatory cells but also lymphoid tissue-like structures. As the expression of CXCL13/BLC, the indispensable chemokine for lymphoid organogenesis, was recognized in the B cell follicles of the pulmonary lesions, we speculate that this chemokine plays an inductive role in the development of the lymphoid tissue-like structures. These structures were distinguished from bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALTs) by their location and by the lack of lymphoepithelium, which is a characteristic of BALT. These findings imply that IL-6 signalling may play a role in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung. 相似文献
Summary Mevalonic acidemia is a rare metabolic disorder due to mevalonate kinase deficiency which affects the biosynthesis of cholesterol
and nonsterol isoprenes. We report the first case of Japan. The clinical course is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation,
postnatal growth failure, intractable diarrhea, liver dysfunctions and death at three months of age. Dysmorphic features including
triangular face, protrusion of forehead, hypertelorism, low set ears and micrognathism were noted. High mevalonic acid level
was found by GC/MS. 相似文献
To evaluate the therapeutic potential of FX0685, a new triazole antifungal agent, for the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections, particularly systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed using fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC) and/or amphotericin B (AMB) as reference drugs. A preliminary in vitro study showed that the antifungal activity of FX0685 against FLC-susceptible Candida albicans, several non-C. albicans Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans was superior to that of FLC and comparable or superior to those of ITC and AMB, while the anti-Aspergillus fumigatus activity of FX0685 was to varying degrees lower than that of ITC. FX0685 appeared to be comparable to FLC and ITC in the treatment of murine systemic C. albicans and pulmonary A. fumigatus infection, respectively. The biological property of FX0685 was characterized by its potent in vitro and in vivo activity against FLC-resistant C. albicans. Part of this unique property was explained by the finding that it retained potent inhibitory activity against those CYP51 molecules in which amino acid substitutions confer a phenotype of resistance to FLC and some other azole derivatives. All of these results lead to the possibility that FX0685 may be a potential antifungal drug candidate for the treatment of various clinical forms of systemic candidiasis, including those caused by FLC-resistant C. albicans, as well as for the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis. 相似文献
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses. We previously reported aberrant high production of B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC/CXCL13) by DC in aged BWF1 mice, amurine model for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe here that CD11b+CD11c+ cells were markedly increased in the peripheral blood (PBL-DC) in aged BWF1, but not in similarly aged NZB or NZW mice. Part of PBL-DC showed a typical dendritic morphology and expressed MHC class II molecules, and had a weak, but significant antigen-presenting ability in mixed lymphocytereaction. PBL-DC were chemoattracted to several chemokines in vitro including secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC), liver and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, whereas splenic mature DC from aged BWF1 mice were preferentially chemoattracted towards SLC. BLC production was induced when PBL-DC were cultured in the presence of TNF-alpha for 3 days. BLC expression was also induced in bone marrow-derived DC when they were differentiated into mature DC in the presence of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, while both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma failed to induce BLC expression in bone marrow-derived DC. Since TNF-alpha expression is increased in aged BWF1 mice, DC recruitment in the circulation and maturation into BLC-producing DC by TNF-alpha may play a pivotal role in the development of systemic autoimmune diseases. 相似文献