Comparison of surf lifesaver pressure point control and a commercial arterial tourniquet for major lower limb haemorrhage: A randomised controlled crossover pilot trial

Objective

This pilot study compared non-medically trained surf lifesavers' (SLS) ability, after infographic training, to occlude the femoral artery using a pressure point (PP) versus an arterial tourniquet (AT).

Methods

Using a crossover design, eight SLS applied PP and AT to a participant's leg to occlude the femoral artery. Arterial flow, application time and perceived difficulty were recorded.

Results

PP achieved 89.7% and 50.8% blood flow reduction for PP and AT, respectively. Average application time was 50.63 and 113.5 s for PP and AT, respectively. Perceived difficulty using a Likert scale from 0 to 10 (0 being no difficulty and 10 being maximal difficulty) was 2.75 and 3.50 for PP and AT, respectively.

Conclusion

Infographic-trained SLS showed superior blood flow occlusion using PP. This pilot study will inform a larger trial for untrained beachgoers.     

Are emergency department nurse practitioners homeless?

The professional body for nurses working in emergency medicine is the College of Emergency Nursing Australasia. The professional body for doctors working in emergency medicine is the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM). There is no professional body for nurse practitioners working in emergency medicine. The clinical role of nurse practitioners in emergency medicine more closely resembles that of doctors rather than nurses. Associate membership in ACEM would recognise their role in treating patients and would enhance their access to relevant continued professional development as has been endorsed by ACEM. It would also facilitate their further integration into the body of those who autonomously treat patients in the ED.     

SLICE: An algorithm for incorporating ultrasonography in the assessment of shocked or breathless patients

SLICE is an algorithm for the integration of point-of-care ultrasound in the assessment and resuscitation of the shocked or breathless patient. It aims to determine the patient's fluid status, and identify reversible causes for the patient's clinical picture. SLICE stands for ‘In a patient who is Shocked/Short of breath, scan the Lungs, IVC, Cardiac and Extra regions as indicated’. Its key advantages are that it explicitly guides resuscitative fluid management, can be performed rapidly and by clinicians with a broad range of sonographic experience, and can be used in a broad range of clinical scenarios. Its use has been successfully taught and implemented in routine clinical practice at our local institution.     

Modelled economic evaluation of a virtual emergency department in Victoria

Objective

Virtual ED (VED) can potentially alleviate ED overcrowding which has been a public health challenge. The aim of the present study was to conduct a return-on-investment analysis of a VED programme developed in response to changing healthcare needs in Australia.

Methods

An economic model was developed based on initial patient outcome data to assess the healthcare costs, potential costs saved and return on investment (ROI) from the VED. The VED programme operating as part of Alfred Health Emergency Services. The participants were the first 188 patients accessing the Alfred Health VED. VED is the delivery of emergency assessment and management of specific patients virtually via audio-visual teleconferencing. ROI ratios that compare cost savings with intervention costs.

Results

The mean total operational cost of VED for 79 days for 188 patients was A$344 117 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] $296 800–$392 088). The VED led to a potential A$286 779 (95% UI $241 688–$330 568) healthcare cost saving from reductions in emergency visits and A$97 569 (95% UI $74 233–$123 117) cost saving in ambulance services. The ROI ratio was estimated at 1.12 (95% UI 0.96–1.32).

Conclusions

The VED was cost neutral in a conservatively modelled scenario but promising if any hospital admission could be saved. Ongoing research examining a larger cohort with community follow up is required to confirm this promising result.     

Review article: Accuracy of emergency physician performed point-of-care ultrasound of the thoracic aorta: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the literature

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is becoming ubiquitous in emergency medicine. POCUS for abdominal aortic aneurysm is well established in practice. The thoracic aorta can also be assessed by POCUS for dissection and aneurysm and transthoracic echocardiography is endorsed by international guidelines as an initial test for thoracic aortic pathologies. A systematic search of Ovid Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science from January 2000 to August 2022 identified four studies evaluating diagnostic accuracy of emergency physician POCUS for thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) and five studies for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Study designs were heterogeneous including differing diagnostic criteria for aortic pathology. Convenience recruitment was frequent in prospective studies. Sensitivity and specificity ranges for studies of TAD were 41–91% and 94–100%, respectively when an intimal flap was seen. Sensitivity and specificity ranges for studies of thoracic aorta dilation >40 mm were 50–100% and 93–100%, respectively; for >45 mm ranges were 64–65% and 95–99%. Literature review identified that POCUS is specific for TAD and TAA. POCUS reduces the time to diagnosis of thoracic aortic pathology; however, it remains insensitive and cannot be recommended as a stand-alone rule-out test. We suggest that detection of thoracic aorta dilation >40 mm by POCUS at any site increases the suspicion of serious aortic pathology. Studies incorporating algorithmic use of POCUS, Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score and D-dimer as decision tools are promising and may improve current ED practices. Further research is warranted in this rapidly evolving field.     

Factors contributing to death of major trauma victims with haemorrhage: A retrospective case–control study

Objective

To identify factors associated with death secondary to haemorrhage following major trauma.

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was conducted on data from adult major trauma patients attending Christchurch Hospital ED between 1 June 2016 and 1 June 2020. Cases (those who died due to haemorrhage or multiple organ failure [MOF]), were matched to controls (those who survived) in a 1:5 ratio from the Canterbury District Health Board major trauma database. A multivariate analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for death due to haemorrhage.

Results

One thousand, five hundred and forty major trauma patients were admitted to Christchurch Hospital or died in ED during the study period. Of them, 140 (9.1%) died from any cause, most attributed to a central nervous system cause of death; 19 (1.2%) died from haemorrhage or MOF. After controlling for age and injury severity, having a lower temperature on arrival in ED was a significant modifiable risk factor for death. Additionally, intubation prior to hospital, increased base deficit, lower initial haemoglobin and lower Glasgow Coma Scale were risk factors associated with death.

Conclusions

The present study reaffirms previous literature that lower body temperature on presentation to hospital is a significant potentially modifiable variable in predicting death following major trauma. Further studies should investigate whether all pre-hospital services have key performance indicators (KPIs) for temperature management, and causes for failure to reach these. Our findings should promote development and tracking of such KPIs where they do not already exist.