PET在全麻机制研究中的应用

正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET)是一种功能性影像诊断新技术，能够在体反映机体内的物质代谢、局部血流量、受体密度等理化特性的变化。近年来PET技术已开始应用于全麻机制的研究，并在全麻药物的中枢区域定位、相关受体的功能分析等方面显示出独特的应用价值。     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液高容量血液稀释对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of hypervolemic hemodilution (HH) with hypertonic saline plus hetastarch solution 40 injectio on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 10 each): group I sham operation (group S); group II I/R and group Ⅲ HH. Partial liver ischemia was produced by clamping hepatic portal vein and left arteria hepatica for 30 min with atraumatic mini-clamp, followed by 2 h of reperfusion in I/R group and HH group. In HH group the animals were infused hypertonic saline plus hetastarch solution 40 injectio 10 ml/kg through vena caudalis over 30 min and then hepatic I/R was performed IS min after the infusion.The animals were killed at 2 h of reperfusion. The left liver was removed and blood sample was taken from inferior caval vein for determination of (1) serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities; (2) superoxide dismutase ( SOD) activity and malondialdehyde ( MDA) content in the liver; ( 3 ) microscopic examination. Results The serum ALT and AST activities and MDA content in the liver were significantly higher, SOD activity in the liver significantly lower after hepatic I/R and pathological changes in the liver severer in group I/R and HH than in group S. The serum ALT and AST activities and MDA content in the liver were significantly lower, SOD activity in the liver significantly higher after hepatic I/R and pathological changes in the liver milder in group HH than in group I/R. Conclusion Hypervolemic hemodilution with hypertonic saline plus hetastarch solution 40 injectio can ameliorate hepatic I/R injury by decreasing oxygen free radical production in rats.     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻的比较

比较全麻复合硬膜外阻滞和单纯全麻在围术期对机体应激、炎性、免疫等方面的影响。使用全麻加硬膜外麻醉能有效地抑制手术引起的应激反应，稳定循环状态，减少并发症，使病人在术中更为安全平稳，麻醉效果更为可靠，术毕清醒快，术后镇痛有利于术后病人咳嗽咯痰，并且能减轻围手术期对T细胞亚群的影响。     

6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4对患者硬膜外复合全麻诱导期肺循环的影响

Objective To observe the effect of pulmonary circulation by 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 during induction period from epidural block combined with general anesthesia. Methods Twenty-six hepatobiliary surgical patients with ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ, aged 32 y-59 y, weighing 54 kg-73 kg, were randomized into 2 groups(n=13): hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 group(HS)and complex acetic acid Ringer's solution (RL). Above-mentioned solutions were infused 7 ml/kg respectively before induction. The pulmonary circulation hemodynamic parameters such as pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP), mean pulmonary artery pressure(MPAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure(PAWP), pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR) and right ventricular stroke work(RVSW) were recorded at base value(T0), 10 min after infusion(T1), 5 min after induction(T2), 5 rain after intubation(T3), 10 rain after intubation(T4)and 20 min after intubation(T5). Results PASP、PADP、MPAP、PAWP and CVP were significantly higher in group HS at T, than the values at T0 (P<0.05); PVR in group HS was obviously lower from T1 to T5 than the value at To (P<0.05 or P<0.01); RVSW was significantly higher in two groups at T1 than base value (P<0.05), but that in group HS was lower than base value (P<0.05 or P<0.01); HR obviously decreased in two groups from T2 to T5 as compared with the value at T0 (P<0.05); MAP was lower from T3 to T5 than the value at To (P<0.05 or P<0.01). PVR was obviously lower in group HS from T1 to T5 than that in group RL (P<0.05 or P<0.01); MAP obviously increased from T2 to T5 in group HS as compared with the value in group RL(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 can obviously reduce PVR during induction pe-riod from epidural block combined with general anesthesia. In all, there is no effect on pulmonary circulation by 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4.     

小儿肝移植无肝期丙泊酚的药代动力学特点

目的：研究小儿肝移植无肝期丙泊酚的药代动力学特征。方法：5例同种异体原位肝移植患,分别于麻醉诱导及无肝期开始时静脉注射丙泊酚2mg/kg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中丙泊酚浓度,对比两之间的药代动力学差异。结果：丙泊酚的药-时曲线符合开放性三室模型,具有分布广,清除率高等特性。结论：无肝期与诱导期丙泊酚代谢无明显差异,推测该药可能存在明显的肝外代谢。     

小儿麻醉任重道远

本期小儿麻醉重点号由中华医学会麻醉学分会小儿麻醉学组组稿,稿件类型包括专家共识、临床研究、临床经验、综述和病例报道五个栏目,内容极其丰富.由于小儿各脏器的生理机能还没有完全发育成熟以及许多先天性疾病早期矫正的特殊性,小儿的生理病理特点与成人存在很大差异,因此小儿麻醉绝不是成人麻醉的"简单缩小版".     

阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝功能和病理形态学研究

目的:探讨胆管阻塞对大鼠肝脏功能和病理形态学的影响.方法:60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组:胆总管结扎组(BDL,n=50)和假手术组(n=10,仅游离胆总管不予结扎).BDL组据结扎持续时间又分为BDL3、BDL7、BDL14、BDL28和BDL42组(每组10只),分别于术后第3、7、14、28、42日测定血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)等肝功能指标,并观察肝脏组织病理形态.假手术组于术后7 d行上述检测.结果:与假手术组相比,BDL组大鼠肝脏功能指标明显改变,血清TBIL、DBIL、TBA值在阻塞早期(BDL3 或BDL7 组)为最高,后呈下降趋势,至实验末期(BDL42组)时仍高于对照组;ALT等酶学指标也有类似变化.BDL组大鼠的主要病理形态学改变为肝内小胆管增生和肝纤维化.结论:大鼠肝脏功能阻塞早期即发生明显的损害,机体可产生一定的代偿以改善肝功能,但持续存在的胆管阻塞最终导致肝纤维化.大鼠阻塞性黄疸期内病理形态学的改变显示其肝功能测定值并不能反映其肝脏组织的实际损害程度.     

血红素氧化酶-1在异氟烷预处理肝脏保护机制中的作用

目的 研究血红素氧化酶(HO)-1的表达及活性的改变对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响,及其在异氟烷预处理肝脏保护中的作用.方法 将40只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机均分为5组:假手术(Sham)组;肝脏缺血再灌注对照组(I/R组).肝脏缺血60 min,再灌注4 h;异氟烷预处理一肝脏缺血再灌注(I/R-ISO)组,1.4%异氟烷吸入预处理30 min后再行缺血再灌注处理;肝脏缺血再灌注组-异氟烷预处理-HO-1抑制剂(Iso-Znpp)组.于缺血再灌注前1 h先于腹腔内注射锌原卟啉(ZnPP),其余处理同I/R-ISO组;肝脏缺血再灌注HO-1诱导剂(I/R-hemin)组,缺血再灌注前24 h于腹腔内注射HO-1诱导剂血红索(hemin),其余处理同I/R组.观察各组大鼠肝组织的病理改变,测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肝脏髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,以及肝组织及血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-а的表达等情况.采用免疫组织化学方法测定HO-1的表达.结果 与I/R组比较,I/R-ISO和I/R-hemin组的ALT、AST水平均显著降低(P值均＜0.05);与I/R-ISO组比较,Iso-Znpp组ALT、AST均显著升高(P值均＜0.05).与Sham组比较,I/R、I/R-ISO、Iso-Znpp、I/R-hemin组血清及肝组织中TNF-а mRNA水平均显著升高(P值均＜0.05);与I/R组比较,I/R-ISO和I/R-hemin组血清及肝组织中TNF-а mRMA水平均显著降低(P值均＜0.05);与I/R-ISO组比较,Iso-Znpp组血清及肝组织中TNF-а水平均显著升高(P值均＜0.05).与Sham组比较.I/R、I/R-ISO、Iso-Znpp、I/R-hemin组肝脏MPO活性均显著升高(P值均＜0.01);与I/R-ISO组比较,Iso-Znpp组肝脏MPO活性显著升高(P＜0.05).Sham组几乎无HO-1表达,I/R组可见HO-1少量表达,I/R-ISO、ISO-Znpp、I/R-hemin组HO-1表达均显著高于I/R组.结论 HO-1的诱导表达可明显减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤和相应的炎性反应,异氟烷预处理可明显上调肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后HO-1的表达,HO-1活性抑制剂ZnPP可反转异氟烷预处理的肝脏保护及抗炎作用,提示异氟烷预处理的肝脏保护及抗炎作用可能与增强肝脏缺血再灌注后肝脏中HO-1的表达及活性有关.     

麻醉系实习生临床带教模式探讨

本文探讨在麻醉临床实习教学过程中不同带教模式的利弊,以期选择一种较为理想的教学模式,优化麻醉临床实习质量,培养合格的麻醉专业毕业生。     

器官保护与肿瘤治疗

恶性肿瘤是导致死亡的首要原因之一,手术切除、化疗及放疗是目前各种恶性肿瘤最主要的治疗方法.手术创伤,放疗、化疗药的毒副作用,肿瘤坏死等,这些损伤性因素不但会导致肿瘤部位器官损伤,还能诱发全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS),而导致其他器官的损伤.SIRS可诱发器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),因此部分患者在肿瘤治疗期间会使用器官功能保护措施,减少器官损伤和MODS的发生.而这些器官功能保护措施都是非特异性的,在保护患者体内正常的组织器官的同时可能也会保护患者体内的肿瘤细胞,导致患者术后肿瘤复发,或疗效下降,而术后肿瘤复发是肿瘤患者治疗后最主要的死亡原因,因此不能不考虑器官保护措施对肿瘤患者的远期治疗效果的影响.本文拟阐述围术期器官保护措施对患者肿瘤远期治疗效果的影响.