Peritoneal dialysis improves lung function in rats with lung injury induced by shock wave

Objective To prove the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis on shock wave-induced acute lung injury of rats, and analyze its mechanisms. Methods Forty-five adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, sham operation (Sham) group and peritoneal dialysis (PD) group. Sham group and PD group did abdominal catheterization before blast injury. The 55 kg shock wave (bst-I) was used to induce lung blast injury. After one hour of blast injury, PD group was given 2.5% peritoneal dialysate 20 ml to stay abdomen, which was released 30 min posted, repeated 12 cycles. After 6 hours of peritoneal dialysis, all of the rats were sacrificed. Partial damaged tissues in lung were used to evaluate the pathomorphologic changes by HE staining, and the remnants were used to measure the lung water content. Lung function was detected by blood gas analyzer and small animal detector from the arterial blood gas. The levels of serum inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were tested by ELISA. Results The relative integrity of alveolar structure, interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in PD group were significantly improved than those in control group. The lung water content of PD group was significantly lower than that of control group (P＜0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 in serum of PD group were significantly lower than those in control group (all P＜0.05). The blood oxygen saturation, oxygen partial pressure, oxygenation index, vital capacity, functional residual volume and maximum mid-expiratory flow rate in PD group were significantly higher than those in control group (all P＜0.05). Conclusions Through reducing pulmonary edema and inflammatory factors, peritoneal dialysis can improve lung function in shock wave -induced acute lung injury of rats.     

Novel Risk Factors for Progression of Diabetic and Nondiabetic CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study

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一日四时的临床运用

以一日四时人体阴阳的变化,即在不同的时间里人体的生理功能活动和在病理情况下"夫百病者,多以旦慧昼安,夕加夜甚"(《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》)来论述因时制宜的重要性.本文仅肤浅地分析因时制宜并提出一日四时的治疗用药原则,又介绍了阳气虚证和阴虚盗汗证的治疗经验,对临床工作具有实用价值.     

自拟清热宣肺汤治疗小儿支原体肺炎36例疗效观察

近年来,笔者运用自拟方清热宣肺汤辨证治疗小儿支原体肺炎36例,获较好疗效.现报道如下.     

The Selection of a Pharmaceutical Salt—The Effect of the Acidity of the Counterion on Its Solubility and Potential Biopharmaceutical Performance

A roadmap for the selection of a pharmaceutical salt form for a development candidate is presented. The free base of the candidate did not have sufficient chemical stability for development. The initially selected salt form turned out to be undevelopable because it was unstable during scale-up synthesis and storage. The rationale for the new solid form screening and the criteria for selection are discussed. Before the final selection, the pH solubility profiles of the 2 new salts, a benzoate and a besylate, were compared. Atypical solubility behavior was observed for the benzoate salt in hydrochloric acid with and without normal saline. A scheme is proposed illustrating how the pKas of the counterion and active pharmaceutical ingredient, the medium composition, and final pH affect the solubility and solution equilibria of the 2 selected salt forms. This scheme also includes the equilibria between solution and solid phases in different pH ranges. The pharmaceutical importance of this research is that it sheds light on how the acidity of the counterion can affect the solubility of the selected salt form in the gastric environment. With a well-designed formulation strategy, this property potentially can be translated to optimal biopharmaceutical performance of the drug product.     

直缘乌头内生真菌Alternaria solani化学成分研究

摘 要 目的：对直缘乌头内生真菌Alternaria solani 的化学成分进行研究。方法: 采用各种柱色谱对直缘乌头内生真菌Alternaria solani的甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,经波谱数据 (¹ H-NMR,¹³ C-NMR,MS) 进行结构鉴定。结果:分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为：20 羟基麦角甾 4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮（1）、(22E,24R)- 麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮（2）、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-β-醇（3）、24-亚甲基-麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇（4）、过氧麦角甾醇（5）、cyclo(D)-Pro-(D)-Leu（6）、cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro)（7）、cyclo-(S-Pro-S-Ile)（8）、tentoxin（9）、porrotoxin（10）、7-dehydroxyl-zinniol（11）、zinniol（12）、8-zinniol methyl ether（13）、3-甲氧基-4-甲基-5-(3’,3′-二甲基烯丙氧基)-2-甲氧基甲基苯甲酸（14）、拟盘多毛孢H2-倍半萜内酯（15）。结论:从直缘乌头内生真菌Alternaria solani中分离得到15个化合物,其中化合物2~10,12~15是首次从该植物内生真菌中分离得到。     

苍耳子药材的HPLC特征图谱研究

摘 要 目的：建立苍耳子药材的HPLC特征图谱,为评价不同产地苍耳子的质量提供参考。方法: 采用Alltima C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速：0.8 ml·min^-1,检测波长：278 nm,柱温：25 ℃,对来自河南、吉林、安徽等地共47批苍耳子样品运用“中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统”进行分析。 结果:以绿原酸为参照峰,初步构建了由5个特征峰组成的苍耳子HPLC 特征图谱。结论:该方法简便、可靠,为苍耳子药材的质量控制提供了有效的评价方法。