胸膜活检阳性率的主要相关因素

分析了92例胸膜活检资料,认为其阳性率与下述因素有关:疾病种类、病例选择、活检器械、取材方法及技术、重复检查、临床医师与病理医师的配合。     

Assessment of Carbendazim Residues and Safety in Celery Under Different Cultivation Conditions

Although the carbendazim is widely used to manage spot blight in celery cultivation, information on residues identified is of interest. In this study, we examined the dissipation and residual amounts of carbendazim in celery and soil under different cultivation methods when using the suggested dose and ten times of that and the bioconcentration factor of carbendazim for celery. The results showed that when celery leaves were sprayed with the suggested dose, the half-lives in a celery field and greenhouse were 2.75 days and 3.29 days, respectively. When the soil matrix was sprayed with the recommended dose before cultivation, the half-lives of carbendazim residues were 16.86 days and 11.97 days. We also conducted a long-term dietary risk assessment using the corresponding criteria. The results showed that, in China, the use of carbendazim at a dose of 0.022 g/m² is safer and more reasonable when the harvest interval is 28 days.

     

控制乳腺癌住院费用的探讨

目的:通过对315份乳腺癌病例的住院费用进行分析,阐述实行乳腺癌单病种最高限价控制中遇到的主要问题及解决途径。方法:利用EXCEL数字处理系统从年龄、平均住院日和治疗方式3个方面对乳腺癌住院费用进行分析。结果:乳腺癌住院费用主要和治疗方式有关,3种治疗方式人均医疗费用差别很大。结论:控制乳腺癌的住院费用,可采用缩短住院日、控制抗生素药物的使用和对化疗用药进行规范等方法进行控制。     

靶向非活性激酶DFG-out变构结合位点的研究进展

目前大多数激酶抑制剂是通过模拟ATP的结构,以识别激酶的活性构象来竞争性结合于ATP结合位点,从而抑制激酶的自磷酸化和下游的信号传导。然而,最近人们对已上市药物甲磺酸伊马替尼、尼罗替尼及对甲苯磺酸索拉非尼的晶体结构研究发现,在非活性激酶中ATP结合位点的相邻位置存在着第二个能与激酶抑制剂结合的位点———DFG-out变构结合位点。该位点的发现为以蛋白激酶为靶标的小分子激酶抑制剂的设计与开发指明了新的方向,成为抗肿瘤研究领域的新热点之一。因此,本文对非活性激酶的DFG-out变构结合位点的发现、非活性激酶与其抑制剂的结合方式及处于临床研究阶段的非活性激酶抑制剂进行了综述。     

吕培文治疗慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡思路初探

慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡的形成内因在于人体正气不足。卫气、营气、肾精是人体正气由浅入深的三个不同层次，也对应着邪气内侵、疾病发展的三个阶段。以扶正驱邪为治则，指导不同阶段皮肤溃疡的辨治，有助于提高疗效及改善预后。     

湖北贝母有效部位提取工艺的研究

目的优选湖北贝母有效部位即总生物碱的最佳提取工艺。方法采用正交实验设计,测定不同提取条件所得总生物碱的含量及收率,结合各实验样品药理效应强弱的评价,优选出湖北贝母有效部位的最佳提取工艺。结果当提取条件为以50%EtOH提取3次,1 h/次,4倍体积/次时,湖北贝母有效部位总生物碱的收率最高,其镇咳和平喘的综合药效最强,经过稳定性验证后,将该工艺确定为湖北贝母有效部位的最佳提取工艺。结论该研究以化学指标和药效指标相结合的方法来优选湖北贝母有效部位的最佳提取工艺,相对单纯化学指标来说更为科学和可信,可以有效防止以单纯化学指标优选出的工艺与药理效应不一致时的偏差,使优选出的工艺真正为活性导向下药材有效部位的最佳提取工艺。     

Dry powder inhalations containing thymopentin and its immunomodulating effects in Wistar rats

Thymopentin (TP5), a synthetic pentapeptide, has been used in clinic as a modulator for immunodeficiences through intramuscular administration. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate dry powder inhalations (DPIs) for pulmonary delivery of TP5. Dry powder inhalations containing leucine (a dispersibility enhancer), mannitol, and lactose (bulking agents) were prepared by spray-drying from aqueous formulations. The formulation components on the aerosolisation characteristics of spray-dried powders were investigated through the use of various amount of leucine, lactose and mannitol. Following spray-drying, resultant powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction and tapped density measurements, and the aerosolisation performance was determined using Twin Stage Impinger. The immunosuppression Wistar rats model was constructed to evaluate the immunomodulating effects of TP5 DPIs in vivo. The results of T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ ratio) analyses suggest that TP5 DPIs have modulating effects. On an overall evaluation, TP5 pulmonary delivery DPIs may be feasible for the future clinical application.     

通关藤化学成分和药理作用研究进展

通关藤为萝藦科牛奶菜属植物通关藤的藤茎,其主要化学成分为C21甾体化合物,尚含有三萜、有机酸、甾醇、多糖等化合物.研究表明,其主要的药理作用为抗肿瘤,降压,平喘等.本文就近年来通关藤的化学成分和药理作用的研究进展作一综述,为其进一步的开发利用提供参考.     

A proposed unified interphase nucleus chromosome structure: Preliminary preponderance of evidence

Cryoelectron tomography of the cell nucleus using scanning transmission electron microscopy and deconvolution processing technology has highlighted a large-scale, 100- to 300-nm interphase chromosome structure, which is present throughout the nucleus. This study further documents and analyzes these chromosome structures. The paper is divided into four parts: 1) evidence (preliminary) for a unified interphase chromosome structure; 2) a proposed unified interphase chromosome architecture; 3) organization as chromosome territories (e.g., fitting the 46 human chromosomes into a 10-μm-diameter nucleus); and 4) structure unification into a polytene chromosome architecture and lampbrush chromosomes. Finally, the paper concludes with a living light microscopy cell study showing that the G1 nucleus contains very similar structures throughout. The main finding is that this chromosome structure appears to coil the 11-nm nucleosome fiber into a defined hollow structure, analogous to a Slinky helical spring [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinky; motif used in Bowerman et al., eLife 10, e65587 (2021)]. This Slinky architecture can be used to build chromosome territories, extended to the polytene chromosome structure, as well as to the structure of lampbrush chromosomes.

A recent publication introduced iterative deconvolution for scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomograms of cryopreserved cellular structures (ref. 1 and references therein). Micron-thick areas of the vitrified cells were accessible without prior cryosectioning or lamella preparation. The deconvolution computation simplified interpretation of the tomograms by substantially filling the missing wedges of information that result from incomplete tilts. The effect was a substantial improvement in resolution along the depth (Z) direction. This technology made it possible to assess a tomogram from an area of the nucleus intact, in which large-scale interphase chromosome structures were noted (1).Here, the chromosome structures observed in these nuclear tomograms are further documented and analyzed. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part presents the evidence, preliminary but compelling, for a unified interphase chromosome structure. The second part presents the proposed unified interphase chromosome architecture. The third part shows that this interphase chromosome structure could be further organized as chromosome territories: for example, by fitting the 46 human chromosomes into a 10-μm-diameter nucleus. The fourth part unifies this structure into a polytene chromosome architecture and lampbrush chromosomes. The paper concludes with a living light microscopy cell study showing that the G1 nucleus has very similar structures throughout this organelle.The interphase nucleus encloses the genomic DNA, as well as the machinery for regulation of gene expression, RNA synthesis, and DNA replication (2). DNA is packaged into chromatin, the in vivo structure of which remains unclear. While mitotic chromosomes are highly condensed, interphase chromosomes decondense but remain in distinct territories with little overlap. Interphase chromatin is organized in a number of ways, including immutable gene-rich and -poor domains in the primary sequence and expression-promoting or -suppressing regions that may vary during the cell cycle or reflect cell differentiation (2). A classic distinction is drawn between euchromatin and heterochromatin, with the former more “open” and prone to expression, while the latter is more “closed” and prone to silencing (but see ref. 3). However, different methods, such as fluorescence and electron microscopy (EM), or posttranslational histone modifications, are sensitive to different parameters and do not necessarily agree in their identification.The predominant model to describe the path of the DNA strand in the interphase nucleus is the constrained random walk (4) or fractal globule (5, 6). At prophase, the dispersed polymers must recondense without entangling. During mitosis, the space-filling interphase chromatin condenses into a compact micrometer-sized structure. The degree of order in these structures remains undefined.The double-stranded DNA polymer itself, which in isolation appears as a semiflexible, right-hand helix 2 nm in diameter, winds tightly around core histones to form nucleosomes. Each nucleosome has a DNA footprint of 146 base pairs and a geometric diameter of ∼11 nm (7–9). Nucleosomes appear as beads on a string, but the density and spacing of nucleosomes along the DNA sequence may be highly variable (10). In the next stage, the nucleosomes are supposed to coil up into a 30-nm filament, possibly as a tight solenoid or alternatively with a zig-zag structure (11, 12). Today, the 30-nm filament is largely considered an artifact (13, 14). It has been observed in vitro, in isolated or ruptured nuclei, and in cases of deliberate manipulation of divalent cation concentration, but not in intact nuclei (13–15).Current insights into chromatin structure arise primarily from methods based on sequencing. With a number of significant variations, chromatin is cross-linked, cleaved, captured, and sequenced in order to determine which sequences lie in close proximity (5, 16). These methods have revealed a genetic structure of chromosome territories at the largest scale, active and inactive compartments at the multimega base level, followed by topologically associated domains (also known as TADs) whose regulation is controlled concomitantly even if they appear to be distant in sequence (16, 17). An overall, three-dimensional (3D) spatial map of the genome can be generated from the proximity constraints. Extension of the methods to analysis of individual cells revealed a strong heterogeneity, however, making it difficult to connect proximity data to local structure.Microscopy offers the most direct observations of structure, but specimen preparation may be disruptive. Classic EM requires fixation, followed by solvent-based dehydration and impregnation with a hardening polymer. Heavy metal salts are added to generate image contrast based on electron scattering; the indirect nature makes it difficult to interpret apparent density in terms of molecular composition (18). This limitation was circumvented by electron spectroscopic imaging, which distinguishes protein from nucleic acid on the basis of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (19). A recent advance used a DNA-binding dye to induce a localized polymerization of diaminobenzidine, which in turn binds an osmium stain (15). A modest density difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin was found, but no evidence was seen for long-range order (15). Fluorescence microscopy has made great advances with the introduction of superresolution methods. The combination with in situ hybridization permits even a degree of sequencing in situ. Still, long exposures and biochemical manipulations require strong cross-linking, which necessarily influences local structure. Cryoelectron tomography offers the most direct and pristine view of cellular structure, including chromatin, but conventional TEM requires thin sectioning or lamella fabrication using the focused ion beam microscope.Cryoscanning transmission electron tomography is a new addition to the toolkit of cellular imaging techniques. The most obvious advantages in relation to conventional defocus phase-contrast TEM are the ability to accommodate thicker specimens and the quantitative contrast based on electron scattering cross-sections. As implemented for cellular tomography, it provides: 1) a unipolar optical transfer function with the specimen in focus, 2) a long depth of field, and most importantly, 3) strong contrast for low spatial frequencies (20). We have recently demonstrated the application of cryoscanning transmission electron tomography in combination with 3D iterative deconvolution processing to whole-cell tomography and obtained a view of the cell nucleus that revealed unexpected large-scale structures (1).Data Considerations and Their Complexity.The primary data for this paper have considerably different attributes, such as the close-spaced 3D pixels with subtle gray level differences and textures, requiring new ways to display its details and architecture. This is a common problem for various imaging technologies (e.g., cellular cryoelectron tomography and MRI). The usual methods to visualize 3D data, such as moving up and down in the Z-dimension through two-dimensional (2D) slices, do not adequately show 3D relationships. Therefore, we propose the extensive use of stereo with extensions to circumvent this problem. Evidence for the chromosome structure is presented primarily in 3D stereo movies of various kinds (Movie S1 and rocking angular stereo pairs A to C′ presented in Movies S2–S8). Visualization guidance and challenges for the stereo movies are also discussed in depth in SI Appendix.