Total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer: primary compared with completion thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse morbidity after completion total thyroidectomy compared with primary total thyroidectomy in a specialist thyroid surgery centre. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital, India. PATIENTS: Medical records of 143 patients who had total thyroidectomy between January 1990 and December 1999. 95 had primary thyroidectomies and 48 were completion thyroidectomies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complication rate in both groups. RESULTS: The groups were comparable in respect of clinicopathological variables. Residual tumour was found in 19/48 (40%). After completion thyroidectomy, transient hypoparathyroidism and transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy were recorded in 8/48 (17%) and 2/48 (4%), respectively. No permanent hypoparathyroidism or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was recorded in the completion thyroidectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Completion thyroidectomy can be done with acceptable morbidity in a specialist thyroid surgery centre. Fear of increased morbidity after the procedure should not deter surgeon from doing this operation or referring the patients to a specialist centre.     

Corticosteroids for multiple sclerosis: II. Application for disease-modifying effects

Physicians who treat multiple sclerosis (MS) face the challenge of patients exhibiting ongoing disease activity, including exacerbations, loss of functional capabilities, intellectual decline, and radiologic progression, despite being on a disease-modifying agent (DMA). After searching for factors that might at least in part explain these changes—such as nonadherent drug-taking behavior, or the presence of interfer-on-neutralizing antibodies—some providers may ultimately decide to switch the patient to another DMA. In most circumstances, patients likely derive only partial effects from these agents, even in the absence of compromising factors. Thus, a number of factors must be considered in order to intensify the treatment regimen in response to disease progression. In the context of an inadequate treatment response to a DMA, some clinicians will convert the patient to an alternative therapy, and others will instead use a second agent in combination with the first (the so-called platform agent). In the first of this two-part series, we explored the use of anti-inflammatory CS and ACTH to treat MS exacerbations. Although we underscored the limited availability of evidence-based studies to support specific regimens for this purpose, there is an even greater paucity of data to support the routine use of these agents in order to achieve chronic disease-modifying effects in those who continue to deteriorate clinically, radiographically, or both. Without doubt, a number of factors influence the formulation of combination treatment plan for MS. Nevertheless, we will focus on the rationale and practical schemes that can be considered for using corticosteroids (CS) (and perhaps even ACTH) in an attempt to modify various domains of ongoing disease activity.     

An immunodominant 30-kDa antigen of a candidate anti-leprosy vaccine,Mycobacterium w,shares T and B cell determinants withM. leprae andM. tuberculosis

Earlier we reported that vaccination of leprosy patients withMycobacterium w induces an immune response directed predominantly against low molecular weight antigens. One of these antigens, with a molecular mass of 30-kDa, was recognized by a majority of the vaccinated subjects as well as the tuberculoid leprosy patients and healthy contacts. In the present communication we report further characterization of this antigen. Immunofluorescence and Western blot studies with antibodies raised against this antigen demonstrate that it is associated with the cell surface and has homologues present inM. leprae andM. tuberculosis. Delayed-type hypersensitivity studies carried out in guinea pigs immunized with the 30-kDa antigen show that in addition to sharing B cell determinants, this immunodominant antigen ofM. w also shares T cell determinants withM. leprae andM. tuberculosis.     

Immune dysregulation and autoreactivity correlate with disease severity in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

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Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration cytology remains a useful tool for preoperative diagnosis of breast lesions. We describe a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast detected by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Subsequent histopathology corroborated the diagnosis. ACC is a rare but distinctive neoplasm of the breast that can be accurately diagnosed by FNA. Its infrequent presentation, favorable prognosis, and relatively conservative management in the breast prompt us to reinforce its features.     

Loxosceles deserta Spider Venom Induces the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Keratinocytes

Evenomation by arachnids of the genus Loxosceles frequently results in disfiguring necrotic skin lesions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms which contribute to lesion development are incompletely defined but appear to involve participation of several pro-inflammatory mediators. We have recently observed that Loxosceles deserta venom induces the production of chemokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human pulmonary epithelial cells. In the present study we observed that Loxosceles deserta venom induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human keratinocytes but little in smooth muscle cells and none in pulmonary epithelial cells. A potent endothelial cell-specific mitogen, VEGF induces angiogenesis and vascular permeability in vivo. RNase protection assay data indicate that VEGF mRNA concentrations in keratinocytes are significantly increased at 2 h following venom exposure. These data suggest that keratinocyte-derived VEGF may contribute to the vasodilation, edema and erythema which occur following Loxosceles evenomation.     

Mosaic pathogenic variants in AKT3 cause capillary malformation and undergrowth

Capillary malformations are slow-flow vascular malformations that affect the microcirculation including capillaries and post capillary venules and can be associated with growth differences. Specifically, the association of capillary malformations with undergrowth is a vastly understudied vascular syndrome with few reports of genetic causes including PIK3CA, GNAQ, and GNA11. Recently, a somatic pathogenic variant in AKT3 was identified in one child with a cutaneous vascular syndrome similar to cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, undergrowth, and no neurodevelopmental features. Here, we present a male patient with a capillary malformation and undergrowth due to a somatic pathogenic variant in AKT3 to confirm this association. It is essential to consider that mosaic pathogenic variants in AKT3 can cause a wide spectrum of disease. There is a need for future studies focusing on capillary malformations with undergrowth to understand the underlying mechanism.     

Wet granulation fine particle ethylcellulose tablets: Effect of production variables and mathematical modeling of drug release

In the present study, the applicability of fine particle ethylcellulose (FPEC) to produce matrix tablets by a wet granulation technique was evaluated. The effect of various formulation and process variables, such as FPEC content, hardness of the tablet, and solubility of the drug, on the release of drug from these tablets was examined. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation of drug and FPEC in an appropriate mass ratio. Theophylline, caffeine, and dyphylline were selected as nonionizable model drugs with solubilities from 8.3 to 330 mg/mL at 25°C. Ibuprofen, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride were selected as ionizable drugs with solubilities from 0.1 to 2000 mg/mL at 25°C. Drug release studies were conducted in 37°C water with UV detection. As the FPEC content and the hardness of the tablets increased, the release rate of the drug decreased. The drug release rate increased with an increase in the solubility of the drug. Model equations, intended to elucidate the drug release mechanism, were fitted to the release data. Parameters were generated and data presented by SAS software. The Akaike Information Criterion was also considered to ascertain the best-fit equation. Fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation were the release mechanisms for nonionizable and ionizable drugs.