Neck contour deformities. The art, engineering, anatomic diagnosis, architectural planning, and aesthetics of surgical correction

The best quality long-lasting results require attention to the diagnosis of the precise anatomic problems followed by the architectural planning--the art of making beautiful highlights, shadows, and curves where indicated to produce a result that is aesthetically pleasing. Attention to the details of the surgical planning, execution of surgery, and postoperative care are essential to minimize untoward results and problems and produce a happy patient and pleased surgeon.     

Continuous 4-channel EEG monitoring: a guide to interpretation, with normal values, in preterm infants

A system is described for the rapid analysis of the extensive EEG data produced by continuous 4-channel monitoring. Using this system, the initial EEGs of 44 low-risk preterm infants between 26 and 37 weeks gestation have been analysed and quantified in order to establish standard values. This provides a basis for assessment of the acute EEG as an index of cerebral function in high-risk or abnormal preterm infants.     

Mechanism and prediction of nonspecific toxicity to fish using bioconcentration characteristics

A basic theory of nonspecific toxicity has been developed using bioconcentration as a basis and applying kinetic relationships developed in previous work. This approach has involved calculation of the critical volume fraction and critical concentration in lipid tissue of fish for a variety of organic compounds at the lethal level. Corrections to previous data sets for time period of exposure and inclusion of biodegradable compounds did not make a significant improvement in the values obtained. A new data base with compounds containing a wide range of Kow values gave results for critical volume and concentration similar to previous work. The influence of experimental procedures and methods for data development are considered. The basic theoretical derivation developed was found to provide a basis for predicting the approximate nonspecific toxicity of nondegradable lipophilic organic compounds at different exposure time periods. This requires a knowledge of the Kow value and the clearance rate constant (k2) which can be calculated from the Kow value.     

Preoperative localization of low-density foreign bodies under CT guidance

A simple technique for the localization of foreign bodies using a spring hook wire under computed tomographic (CT) guidance is described. The advantages of CT in detecting foreign bodies of near water density and in planning a surgical approach which avoids important anatomical structures are emphasized.     

Incorporating the affective component into an AIDS workshop

Caring for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) will be a growing challenge for nurses in the years to come. It the nursing profession is to meet this challenge, continuing education will be essential. This article presents an approach to using a range of community and academic resources in the provision of continuing education. The 1-day program described includes updated information on HIV etiopathogenesis, clinical spectrum, epidemiology, transmission, prevention, and research, and gives participants an opportunity to explore their feelings and attitudes toward providing care for persons with HIV.     

The Scimitar syndrome: CT findings in partial anomalous pulmonary venous return

An anomalous pulmonary vein draining into the subdiaphragmatic inferior vena cava was initially demonstrated on computed tomographic (CT) scans. The diagnosis of scimitar syndrome was confirmed with digital subtraction angiography. In retrospect, the anomalous vein and dextroposition of the heart were shown on chest radiographs.     

Requirement for ICR-like sequences in the replication of brome mosaic virus genomic RNA.

Previous studies using a brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA-2 deletion mutant (pRNA-2 M/S) and additional derivatives as reporters established that viral sequences resembling internal control regions (ICRs) 1 and 2 of tRNA gene promoters are vital to (+)-strand replication in protoplasts. Transfer of these mutations to genomic RNA-2 and functional analysis in protoplast, local lesion, and systemic infections revealed a sequence-specific requirement for bases within the ICR2-like motif. Despite the low (generally less than 20% of wild-type) and sometimes undetectable levels of replication of these RNA-2 mutants, sufficient p2a protein was produced to support at least modest levels of RNA-1, -3 and -4 replication in protoplasts. However, only those RNA-2 ICR2 mutants supporting substantial replication of the viral genome in protoplasts were capable of establishing local lesions in Chenopodium hybridum and systemic infections in barley, further establishing the essential role of the ICR-like sequences in viral infectivity. Upon passage through a second set of barley plants, accumulation patterns for progeny from inocula containing certain RNA-2 mutants paralleled those from wild-type inocula, indicating repair of the introduced mutations. RNA stability and translatability were shown to be unaffected by the introduced mutations. BMV RNA-3 contains several ICR-like sequences, each of which was individually deleted. Whereas deletion of the 5'-terminal ICR2-like motif had little effect on RNA-3 accumulation in protoplasts or local lesion formation, it debilitated systemic spread in barley. Deletion of an internal ICR2-like motif at position 1100 decreased (+):(-) strand asymmetry from greater than 100:1 to 14:1, reduced RNA-3 replication in protoplasts to less than 15% of wild-type, and abolished local lesion and systemic infectivity.     

Folic acid in the treatment of acute watery diarrhoea in children: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

One-hundred and six male children aged 6-23 months with a history of acute watery diarrhoea of less than 72 h duration were randomized to receive either folic acid in a dose of 5 mg at 8-h intervals or placebo for 5 d. There were 54 children in the folic acid group and 52 in the placebo group. The admission characteristics were comparable between the two groups. No significant differences were observed in the intake of oral rehydration solution or stool output between the groups. The mean ± SD of total stool output (g kg⁻¹) was 532 ± 476 vs 479 ± 354 and the duration (h) of diarrhoea was 108 ± 68 vs 103 ± 53 in the folic acid vs placebo group, respectively. The findings, therefore, should have a positive influence on preventing the inappropriate use of folic acid in acute diarrhoea.