The effect of a modified blood supply on the craniofacial growth of rabbits. 2. Masticatory muscles

After ligation of the right common carotid artery, the dry weight of the muscles of mastication on the ligated side did not differ from that of the control animals between the 45th and 225th d of life. On the opposite side, however, the muscles were in some cases significantly heavier than those of the control animals, particularly in male rabbits with ligated common carotid arteries. The methodical application of these results is proposed.     

Verfahren zur automatischen Messung von Enzymkinetiken

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Verfahren zur automatischen Untersuchung von Enzymkinetiken angegeben. Die Umsatzgeschwindigkeit einer Enzymreaktion in Abhängigkeit von jeweils einer veränderlichen Größe wird hierbei am durchlaufenden Reaktionsgemisch kontinuierlich gemessen und registriert. Unabhängige Veränderliche kann eine Konzentration (z. B. Substrat-, Coenzym-, Wasserstoffionenkonzentration) oder die Temperatur sein. Am Beispiel der Ermittlung einer Aktivitäts-pS-Kurve (Koordinaten:v=Umsatzgeschwindigkeit;pS=negativer Logarithmus der Substratkonzentration) wird das Verfahren im Einzelnen beschrieben. Unsere Methode eignet sich bisher zur Untersuchung von Enzymen, deren Umsatz durch Messung der Lichtabsorption erfaßbar ist. Als Beispiel werden Aktivitäts-pS-Kurven von Lactatdehydrogenase aus menschlichem Herzmuskel- und Leberhomogenisat sowie von Kaninchenmuskel-LDH gezeigt und die ermittelten Michaeliskonstanten angegeben.     

Denervation of periurethral prostatic tissue by transurethral microwave thermotherapy

PURPOSE: To determine whether transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) affects innervation of the urethra and periurethral prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients with troublesome benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with TUMT 1 week prior to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). At surgery, a biopsy was taken for histological examination and for immunohistochemical staining of the non-specific neuromarker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5. Control material consisted of identical biopsies from 10 patients undergoing TURP because of BPH, but not subjected to TUMT prior to surgery. RESULTS: Histological examination revealed well-preserved, non-necrotic tissues in all biopsies. Nerve fibres were completely or almost absent in the smooth muscle layer in all but one of the TUMT cases, whereas all non-TUMT patients exhibited large numbers of nerve fibres in the smooth muscle layer. CONCLUSIONS: TUMT does affect innervation of the urethra and periurethral prostatic tissue.     

Suramin induces and enhances apoptosis in a model of hyperoxia-induced oligodendrocyte injury

Recent evidence suggests oxygen as a powerful trigger for cell death in the immature white matter, leading to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) as a cause of adverse neurological outcome in survivors of preterm birth. This oligodendrocyte (OL) death is associated with oxidative stress, upregulation of apoptotic signaling factors (i.e., Fas, caspase-3) and decreased amounts of neurotrophins. In search of neuroprotective strategies we investigated whether the polysulfonated urea derivative suramin, recently identified as a potent inhibitor of Fas signaling, affords neuroprotection in an in vitro model of hyperoxia-induced injury to immature oligodendrocytes. Immature OLs (OLN-93) were subjected to 80% hyperoxia (48 h) in the presence or absence of suramin (0, 30, 60, 120 microM). Cell death was assessed by flow cytometry (Annexin V, caspase-3 activity assay) and immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3. Immunoblotting for the death receptor Fas, cleaved caspase-8 and the phosphorylated isoform of the serine-threonin kinase Akt (pAkt) was performed. Suramin lead to OL apoptosis and potentiated hyperoxia-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting revealed increased Fas and caspase-8 expression by suramin treatment. This effect was significantly enhanced when suramin was combined with hyperoxia. Furthermore, pAkt levels decreased following suramin exposure, indicating interference with neurotrophin-dependent growth factor signaling. These data indicate that suramin causes apoptotic cell death and aggravates hyperoxia-induced cell death in immature OLs. Its mechanism of action includes an increase of previously described hyperoxia-induced expression of pro-apoptotic factors and deprivation of growth factor dependent signaling components.     

First clinical evaluation of a new innovative ureteral access sheath (Re-Trace™): a European study

Purpose

The use of a ureteral access sheath (UAS) during flexible retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become increasingly popular. Our aim was to evaluate the accessibility of a new UAS device, allowing the transformation of the working guidewire into a safety guidewire.

Methods

A prospective, multicenter study was conducted between January and February 2010 in six European tertiary reference centers. Patients needing flexible RIRS were eligible to participate in the study. In all cases, insertion of the Re-Trace? (12/14Fr, Coloplast, Denmark) was attempted at the beginning of the procedure. Insertion success was defined as placement of the UAS in the lumbar ureter with successful disengagement of the working guidewire, which turned into a safety guidewire. Influence of gender and pre-stenting status was analyzed by univariate analysis.

Results

137 UASs were used in 75 male and 62 female patients. 25.5 % of ureters were pre-stented: men were 2.17 more often pre-stented than women. The overall Re-Trace? insertion rate was 82.5 %. Success rate was not significantly different between men and women (77.3 vs. 88.7 %, respectively, p = 0.11). Pre-stenting status did not significantly influence the success rate (p = 0.31). When analyzing the combined influence of pre-stenting status and gender, the worst success rates seemed to be obtained in men without pre-stenting, but no significant differences were found between groups.

Conclusions

Re-Trace? UAS showed good overall insertion rates. This evaluation validated the new concept of guidewire disengagement: A single wire automatically switches from working to safety role.     

Structure-Based Design of Type II Inhibitors Applied to Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase

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Aerosol-Induced Tuberculosis in Subhuman Primates and the Course of the Disease After Intravenous BCG Vaccination

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