The importance of oral foci of infection in renal transplantation

During the treatment of patients with renal failure or renal transplants the most important consideration is to eliminate sources of infection before and after the treatment. Acute or chronic oral infections or bacteraemias resulting from dental procedures may cause serious complications in these patients who already have lowered host resistance caused by immunosuppressant therapy. In order to determine the latest concepts from some international transplantation centres relating to the importance of and the effect of infective sources in the oral cavity, a survey form was prepared which included several questions related to oral foci of infection and renal transplantations.
Results obtained from 22 centres from 12 countries indicated that the majority of the centres included a dental examination in their routine protocol and required completion of any necessary dental treatment before transplantation. However, full agreement among all these centres on the necessity for dental examination as part of the protocol has not yet been reached.     

Swelling,Elasticity and Spatial Inhomogeneity of Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Hydrogels Formed at Various Polymer Concentrations

Summary: The equilibrium swelling degree, modulus of elasticity and the spatial inhomogeneity of poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm) hydrogels were investigated over the entire range of the initial monomer concentration. The degree of dilution of the networks after their preparation was denoted by ν, the volume fraction of crosslinked polymer after the gel preparation. The linear swelling ratio of the gels increased linearly with increasing ν. Depending on the value of ν, three different gel regimes were observed: (1) For ν < 0.3, increasing ν decreases the extent of cyclization during crosslinking so that the effective crosslink density of gels increases with rising ν. (2) For 0.3 < ν < 0.7, increasing ν reduces the accessibility of the pendant vinyl groups during crosslinking due to steric hindrance at high polymer concentrations. As a result, the effective crosslink density of gels decreases with increasing ν. (3) For ν > 0.7, the modulus of elasticity increases sharply with increasing ν due to the increasing extent of chain entanglements in this high concentration regime. Static light scattering measurements on the gels show that the degree of spatial gel inhomogeneity in PDMAAm gels attains a maximum value at ν = 0.06. The appearance of a maximum as well as the ν‐dependence of scattered light intensities from gels was successfully reproduced by the theory proposed by Panyukov and Rabin.

Effective crosslink density ν_e of the hydrogels shown as a function of ν.     

Primary nephrotic syndrome during childhood in Turkey

BACKGROUND: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome (NS) during childhood. However, recent studies from different countries have reported an increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in children. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in which 392 Turkish children who were diagnosed with NS during the last 10 years and were followed for at least 2 years, were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 4.6 +/- 3.4 years (range 0.9-16 years) and 232 were male and 160 were female. RESULTS: In total, 280 patients were diagnosed as MCNS with their initial presentations, laboratory features, and clinical course. Kidney biopsy was performed in the remaining 112 children according to current recommendations. The results showed that membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was the most common histopathologic diagnosis, 38 (34%) of the 112 patients were found to have MPGN. The number diagnosed as FSGS was 26 (23%). A significant difference was found between the age groups for both MPGN and FSGS, the former being more common in children >6 years of age and the latter more frequent in children 相似文献   

The effect of education given to type 2 diabetic individuals on diabetes self-management and self-efficacy: Randomized controlled trial

AimThis study used a randomized controlled trial design and was carried out to examine the effect of education on diabetes self-management and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe study was carried out between July 2016–March 2017. Data were collected using information form, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), self-efficacy scale for patients with type 2 diabetes (DSS).The individuals in the experimental group were given education. Both groups were reminded about the control time of their metabolic values on the phone in the 3rd and 6th months.ResultsThe average age of the individuals was 59.91 ± 8.93 (n = 78), 62.8% (n = 49) were female, 92.3% (n = 72), were married, 42.3% (n = 33) were high school graduates and their diabetes duration was 7.05 ± 3.9. There was a statistically significant difference in the 6th month metabolic values in the experimental group compared to the control group. When diabetes self-management and self-efficacy were examined, a statistically significant difference was found in the experimental group compared to the control group at 3rd and 6th months (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).ConclusionIn this study, a significant increase in diabetes self-management and self-efficacy and a significant decrease in metabolic values were observed as a result of education and phone reminders given to individuals with type 2 diabetes.     

Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Epidemiological and clinical implications

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a threat worldwide for individuals of all ages, including children. Gastrointestinal manifestations could be the initial presenting manifestation in many patients, especially in children. These symptoms are more common in patients with severe disease than in patients with non-severe disease. Approximately 48.1% of patients had a stool sample that was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA. Children typically form 1%-8% of all laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2. Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in children are not rare, with a prevalence between 0 and 88%, and a wide variety of presentations, including diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, can develop before, with or after the development of respiratory symptoms. Atypical manifestations such as appendicitis or liver injury could also appear, especially in the presence of multisystem inflammatory disease. In this review, we discussed the epidemiology of COVID-19 gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as their implications on the diagnosis, misdiagnosis, prognosis, and faecal-oral transmission route of COVID-19 and the impact of gastrointestinal diseases on the gut microbiome, child nutrition, and disease management.     

Three-dimensional facial hard tissue symmetry in a healthy Caucasian population group: a systematic review

Clinical Oral Investigations - The aim of this study was to quantify the symmetry of the facial hard tissue structures using three-dimensional radiographic imaging modalities in a normal Caucasian...     

Implementation of evidence‐based dentistry into practice: analysis of awareness,perceptions and attitudes of dentists in the World Dental Federation–European Regional Organization zone

Based on evidence‐based dentistry (EBD) being a relatively new concept in dentistry, the attitudes, perceptions and level of awareness of dentists regarding EBD, and perceived barriers to its implementation into daily practice, were comparatively analysed in six countries of the FDI (World Dental Federation‐Federation Dentaire Internationale)‐European Regional Organization (ERO) zone (France, Georgia, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Turkey). For this purpose, a questionnaire, ‘The Relationship Between Dental Practitioners and Universities’, was developed by the FDI‐ERO Working Group and applied by National Dental Associations (NDAs). A total of 850 valid responses were received, and cumulative data, comparisons between countries and potential impact of demographic variables were analysed. Regarding EBD, similar percentages of respondents reported that they ‘know what it is’ (32.8%) and ‘they practice’ (32.1%). Most respondents believed that ‘EBD is beneficial’ (89.1%); however, they had different thoughts regarding ‘who actually benefited from EBD’. Of the participants, 60% believed that ‘dentists experience difficulties in implementing EBD’. Although lack of time, lack of education and limited availability of evidence‐based clinical guidelines were among the major barriers, there were differences among countries (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also observed between countries regarding certain questions such as ‘where EBD needed to be taught’ (P < 0.05), as both undergraduate and continuing education were suggested to be suitable. Age, practice mode and years of practice significantly affected many of the responses (P < 0.05). There was a general, positive attitude toward EBD; however, there was also a clear demand for more information and support to enhance dentists’ knowledge and use of EBD in everyday practice and a specific role for the NDAs.     

Tadalafil: 15 years' journey in male erectile dysfunction and beyond

Tadalafil, Cialis, Eli Lilly & Co./ICOS, (6R,12aR)-6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyl-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,6] pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione, was first discovered in 2003. It was reported to have high diastereospecificity for phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitions. The cis-(6R, 12aR) enantiomer is the most active enantiomer. Tadalafil showed PDE5 inhibition with IC₅₀ = 5 nM. It possesses high selectivity for PDE5 versus PDE1-4 and PDE6. Tadalafil is more selective to PDE5 against PDE6 whereas sildenafil, another commercially available PDE5 inhibitor shows similar potencies to inhibit PDE5 and PDE6. Tadalafil is used for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (MED), prostatic benign hyperplasia (PBH) signs and symptoms, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Adcirca, another name for tadalafil, is used to treat PAH and improve exercise capacity. Recent clinical studies suggest the use of tadalafil for nonurological applications, including circulatory disorders (ischemia injury, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and stroke), neurodegenerative disorders, and cognitive impairment conditions. This review discusses tadalafil and its analogues reported in the past 15 years. It discusses synthetic pathways, structural activity relationships, existing and future pharmacological indications of tadalafil and its analogues. This work can help medicinal chemists developing novel PDE5 inhibitors with wider therapeutic indications.