The effect of the bite plane splint on the electromyographic silent period duration

An electromyographic study of the masseter and anterior part of the temporalis muscles was performed on ten patients presenting temporomandibular joint dysfunction symptoms. The EMG silent periods (SP) produced in the open-close-clench cycle and jaw-jerk reflex were compared for duration before and after treatment with an occlusal bite splint. Following use of the splint, there was a shortening of SP indicating the possible use of the duration of SP as a diagnostic measurement, and also as an indication of treatment effectiveness.     

Plasma catecholamine and haemodynamic responses to surgical endodontic anaesthetic protocols

The effects of varying clinically relevant patterns of anaesthetic-vasoconstrictor combinations used for peri-radicular surgery on plasma concentrations of catecholamines and haemodynamic responses was studied in the canine model. Five mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. A femoral canula was inserted to measure central blood pressure and an ECG was used to monitor heart rate and any associated arrhythmias. Femoral venous blood samples were drawn before initial injection and at 3 and 10 min after injections. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Injection protocols used three time periods, 30, 60 and 90s, with solutions containing 1:100000 and 1:50000 adrenaline. No significant changes in heart rates or presence of arrythymias were noted over the experimental protocol. Catecholamine levels in pico moles mL^-1 were within the normal range at the 3-min sample level. At the 10-min sample time there was a more erratic range of concentrations, with most samples within the normal range. This may have been due to endogenous release of catecholamines in specific animals. The data identified trends in both the haemodynamic parameters and plasma catecholamine levels that can legitimately support the careful use of higher levels of a vasoconstrictor when patient profiles and surgical needs dictate.     

A cross-sectional study of knife injuries at a London major trauma centre

INTRODUCTION

No national recording systems for knife injuries exist in the UK. Understanding the true size and nature of the problem of knife injuries is the first stage in reducing the burden of this injury. The aim of this study was to survey every knife injury seen in a single inner city emergency department (ED) over a one-year period.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study was performed of all patients attending with a knife injury to the ED of a London major trauma centre in 2011. Demographic characteristics, patterns of injury, morbidity and mortality data were collected.

RESULTS

A total of 938 knife injuries were identified from 127,191 attendances (0.77% of all visits) with a case fatality rate of 0.53%. A quarter (24%) of the major trauma team’s caseload was for knife injuries. Overall, 44% of injuries were selfreported as assaults, 49% as accidents and 8% as deliberate self-harm. The highest age specific incident rate occurred in the 16–24 year age category (263/100,000). Multiple injuries were seen in 19% of cases, of which only 81% were recorded as assaults. The mean length of stay for those admitted to hospital was 3.04 days. Intrathoracic injury was seen in 26% of cases of chest trauma and 24% of abdominal injuries had a second additional chest injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Violent intentional injuries are a significant contributory factor to the workload of the major trauma team at this centre. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of these injuries seen in the ED.     

A blocking primer increases specificity in environmental DNA detection of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly applied as a highly sensitive way to detect aquatic animals non-invasively. However, distinguishing closely related taxa can be particularly challenging. Previous studies of ancient DNA and genetic diet analysis have used blocking primers to enrich target template in the presence of abundant, non-target DNA. Here we apply a blocking primer to increase the specificity of a TaqMan assay for eDNA detection of rare and endangered bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the presence of the closely related (Salvelinus namaycush). We found that addition of a blocking primer substantially increased assay specificity without compromising sensitivity or quantification ability.     

Use of a radial artery compression device for noninvasive, near-continuous blood pressure monitoring in the ED

This study's goal was to test a novel device using continuous partial radial artery compression for mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement. A prospective, nonblind, convenience-sample trial at a level I center (annual ED census 70,000) enrolled 15 adults with indwelling radial arterial catheters and accessible contralateral radial pulse. Subjects had MAPs measured simultaneously by test device (TEST assessments), oscillometric brachial artery cuff (OSC), and arterial line (ART). There was no difference between the three groups' MAP means (P = .98). R(2) values for ART/OSC and ART/TEST were 0.96 and 0.95, respectively (P <.001). TEST and OSC MAP readings were equally likely (P = 0.66) to be within 5 mm Hg of ART in both the overall set of 307 MAPs and in the subset of 120 cases in which ART MAPs were below 80 (P = .47). The TEST device performed at least as well as oscillometric assessment, offering advantages of noninvasive, near-continuous data.     

An empirical evaluation of the performance of antibody identification tasks

Four empirical studies were conducted for better understanding of the nature of problem-solving activities by medical technologists and medical technology students when performing antibody identification tasks. The results indicated the importance of strategies that ensure the collection of converging evidence, as these strategies protect against the fallibility of commonly used heuristics and against errors due to simple slips. The results also indicate that not only do students make significant numbers of errors, but so do practicing technologists. In one of the studies covering a 1-year period, for instance, a group of 16 technologists made a total of 41 errors in 1057 cases. On the basis of these findings, several alternatives are proposed to reduce errors.