再论：维生素D在预防重症新型冠状病毒肺炎中的作用和价值

如何防治新型冠状病毒感染、特别是预防和减少其引发的重症和危重症, 是非常具有临床价值和现实意义的热点话题。最近, 笔者有幸拜读了发表于《国际内分泌代谢杂志》2022年第42卷第3期的综述《维生素D在预防重症新型冠状病毒肺炎中的作用和价值》[1]。尽管笔者认同作者提出的维生素D在调节免疫、抑制炎症等方面发挥重要作用, 且低维生素D水平与新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的严重程度和不良预后相关, 但是笔者认为作者得出"维生素D在减轻COVID-19病情严重程度上具有一定价值"的结论为时尚早。具体原因如下:     

能否用维生素D防治新型冠状病毒肺炎?

维生素D有免疫调控和抗感染作用,低维生素D水平与新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的患病风险和不良预后相关,这些线索提示补充维生素D可能起到预防和治疗COVID-19的作用。但是根据现有的临床试验结果,尚无足够证据支持常规应用大剂量维生素D来防控疫情。在更多临床试验数据公布前,我们仍然应当积极倡导日常规律补充维生素D制剂来纠正维生素D缺乏。     

维生素D在心血管疾病和COVID-19中的作用机制研究进展

新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)是一种全球性流行病,其大流行给全球带来了巨大的健康和经济负担,既往存在心血管疾病的病人在COVID-19中发生不良后果的风险很高。此外,COVID-19与多种心血管并发症有关,包括心律失常、心肌损伤、心肌病和血栓事件等。COVID-19和COVID-19相关心血管并发症的易感性增加可能与免疫失调和相关炎症机制有关。维生素D具有免疫、抗炎及心血管系统的保护作用,其在COVID-19免疫和心血管健康中的作用越来越受到关注。本研究就维生素D与心血管疾病、COVID-19的相关性及相关心血管并发症发生的机制进行综述。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的肝损伤

目前,新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染导致的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19),已在我国及全球70余国家迅速蔓延,成为全世界高度关注的公共卫生事件。2019-nCoV感染后除发热和呼吸道症状外,常出现不同程度的肝损伤。综述了COVID-19相关肝损伤的临床特征、病理、致病机制及治疗策略,以期为COVID-19的防治提供临床决策参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者肝损伤机制研究进展*

目的 由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情已引起世界范围的大流行。呼吸道被认为是SARS-CoV-2感染的主要靶器官。部分COVID-19患者会出现不同程度的肝损伤。本文对COVID-19相关肝损伤发生机制研究进展进行了综述,以期为该病的防治提供参考。     

新型冠病毒肺炎合并心肌损伤机制及处理原则浅析

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)于2019年12月在中国武汉出现,后经确认为新型冠状病毒感染所致,该新型冠状病毒属于β冠状病毒属,与人类SARS冠状病毒及中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒类似,均可感染人类。该肺炎虽主要引起呼吸道症状,但报道称部分患者合并心肌损伤。本综述简要探讨COVID-19合并心肌损伤可能机制,为抗疫一线医师治疗合并心肌损伤的COVID-19患者提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者肝损伤的机制及中医防治探究

截至4月12日,新型冠状病毒播散至全球211个国家和地区,累计174余万人确诊新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19),超过10万人因感染而死亡,对公众健康造成严重威胁[1]。许多患者除呼吸系统损伤外,还表现不同程度的肝脏损伤[2,3],及时修复患者肝损伤,有利于肺炎患者的康复[4]。1 COVID-19患者肝损伤的机制许多COVID-19患者存在不同程度的肝功能损伤,Chen等[5]通过对99例患者的研究发现,超过40%的COVID-19患者在病程中出现不同程度肝功能损伤。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎并发轻症急性胰腺炎一例

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(2019-nCov)引起的急性呼吸道传染性疾病,是一种新型传染病。目前对COVID-19及其病原体2019-nCov知之甚少,尚未发现特效治疗药物。国内外尚无COVID-19治疗过程中出现AP的报道,本文报道1例COVID-19并发AP的病例并复习相关文献,以期分析其致病原因,为临床医师识别和处理提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒感染对骨质疏松症患者骨代谢的影响

目的 分析新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)对骨质疏松症患者骨代谢的影响。方法 回顾性分析2022年11月至2023年3月于上海市第一人民医院就诊且已确诊感染新型冠状病毒的骨质疏松症患者98例。统一记录所有患者新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染前后的骨代谢指标、新型冠状病毒核酸阳性持续时间,新型冠状病毒核酸阳性期间服药史(是否停用抗骨质疏松药物,钙剂或活性维生素D及类固醇类激素服用史),以及基础病史及既往疫苗接种情况。采用SPSS.26进行统计学分析。结果骨质疏松症患者感染新型冠状病毒后血清骨钙素(bone gla protein, BGP)及1型原胶原氨基端前肽(type 1 procollagen amino-terminal peptide, P1NP)水平[9.915(8.260,11.873)μg/L及20.250(15.080,28.930)μg/L]均较感染前[10.365(8.395,29.3150)μg/L及22.135(16.330,33.085)μg/L]降低(均P<0.01)。停用钙剂或活性维生素D...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者肝功能损伤的发生机制

自2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情发展迅速。随着病例资料的积累,我们发现COVID-19患者除表现出典型呼吸系统症状和体征,还出现了不同程度的肝功能异常表现。本文将结合新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染所致的肝功能损伤表现及相关文献进行总结和分析,提出SARS-CoV-2可能引起肝损伤的机制。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.