脊髓内外减压治疗胸腰段脊髋损伤：附111例报告

作者于１９８４年设计了脊髓内外减压术，经１１１例手术，治疗完全性截瘫６６例，有效率３６％；不完全截瘫３０例，有效率９３％；圆锥马尾损伤１５例手术均有不同程度恢复。证实该手术减压彻底，疗效明显，是目前治疗脊髓损伤理想的方法之一。     

1990年全国脊髓损伤研讨会SCI分类讨论纪要

中国脊髓损伤康复研究会于1990年10月在唐山召开本年度全国脊髓损伤研讨会。会议由胥少汀、王尚昆同志主持,就脊柱脊髓损伤的分类进行了专题讨论。力求对成熟的概念逐步统一,以指导全国的工作。 SCI分类近年演变不大,已基本定型,但诊断标准尚需进一步明确统一。 SCI分为:1.脊髓震荡;2.脊髓不完全损伤:A.脊髓前部损伤B.脊髓中央损伤C.脊髓后部损伤D.半横贯损伤E,次全损伤F.锥体束交叉损伤;3,脊髓完全性损伤。4,圆锥马尾损伤。A,完全性B,不完全性C.单纯圆锥损伤(马尾残存)。 脊髓损伤类型必须在脊髓休克期渡过之后才能确立。休克期是一…     

脊髓内外减压治疗胸腰段脊髓损伤（附111例报告）

作者于１９８４年设计了脊髓内外减压术。经１１１例手术，治疗完全性截瘫６６例，有效率３６％；不完全截瘫３０例，有效率９３％；圆锥马尾损伤１５例术后均有不同程度恢复。证实该手术减压彻底，疗效明显，是目前治疗脊髓损伤较理想的方法之一。     

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折椎管狭窄与脊髓损伤的关系

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的主要特征为椎体前高的减低和后壁骨皮质的连续性中断,骨折常常发生向后移位突入椎管导致神经损伤。据统计,胸腰椎爆裂型骨折后有３０％～９０％的患者发生包括脊髓、圆锥或马尾在内的神经损伤〔１〕。但迄今有关创伤后椎管狭窄与神经损伤的关系尚不明...     

胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤前路手术治疗

目的探讨胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤前路手术适应证、手术时机。方法回顾性分析74例胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤前路手术患者。随访时间7个月～11年6个月，平均4年2个月。结果完全性神经损伤患者随访时下肢运动评分平均提高0．86分，6例(27．2％)患者大小便功能好转；不完全性神经损伤患者随访时下肢运动评分平均提高13．00分，31例(59．6％)患者大小便功能好转，8例(15．4％)患者大小便功能恢复正常。52例不完全性神经损伤患者分为3组：Ⅰ组≤15d、15d＜Ⅱ组＜3个月、Ⅲ组＞3个月。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者大小便功能改善明显好于Ⅲ组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者术后改善的ASIA评分明显好于Ⅲ组。结论正确选择适应证，胸腰椎骨折前路手术有较好的疗效。早期减压及早期康复，有助于下肢运动及大小便功能改善。     

表现为单纯脊髓圆锥损伤的第一腰椎爆裂性骨折

胸腰椎移行部有马尾和脊髓圆锥存在，具有复杂的解剖学特征。该部位的损伤可以出现不同的神经症状，临床上有必要把握确切的神经损伤，以利于诊断和治疗。近年来我们收治了7例第一腰椎爆裂性骨折所致的单纯脊髓圆锥损伤患者，取得了一些诊治经验，报告如下。1临床资料1．1～般资料本组共7例，经X线及CT检查均诊断为第一腰椎爆裂性骨折。其中男性6例，女性互例；年龄21～47岁，平均35岁。致伤原因：5例为高处坠落伤，2例为重物压伤。7例均于伤后半个月内行开放复位，Steffee钢板内固定治疗，随访时间6个月～l年。1．2临床表现7例均有大小便…     

早期脊髓复苏在急性颈脊髓损伤治疗中的临床意义

目的：评价早期脊髓复苏在急性颈脊髓损伤治疗中的意义。方法：106例急性颈脊髓损伤患者，其中脊髓完全性损伤21例，脊髓不完全性损伤85例。早期脊髓复苏方案包括：（1）维持呼吸道通畅和足够有效的血容量，维持平均动脉血压100mmHg以上，血氧饱和度在95％以上；（2）应用大剂量甲基强的松龙或地塞米松等药物治疗；（3）行颅骨牵引制动或复位颈椎；（4）早期进行颈椎减压植骨融合内固定术；（5）术后早期应用高压氧治疗。结果：死亡7例，失访5例，94例获得12～52个月的随访。随访病例中69例患者神经功能获得改善。其中完全性损伤组有效率为23.3％，不完全性损伤组有效率为74．1％，总有效率为65．1％。结论：颈脊髓损伤后早期复苏治疗是保留和恢复残留脊髓神经功能较为有效的措施。     

周围神经移植修复脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨自体坐骨神经移植修复脊髓损伤的可行性。方法：将58只雌性Wistar大鼠分为二组，实验组：采用显微外科技术，将50只大鼠于T13水平切除左半侧脊髓10mm，再取右侧坐骨神经10mm移植到脊髓缺损处，近端接脊髓，远端接马尾，分别于术后2、4、6、8、12、22周在光镜和电镜下观察移植处坐骨神经、吻合口远端马尾神经、左后肢坐骨神经再生情况，并用摄像机记录患肢功能恢复情况。对照组：8只大鼠，于13水平切除左半侧脊髓10mm，不移植坐骨神经，观察脊髓缺损远端马尾神经和左右肢坐骨神经再生情况。结果：对照组坐骨神经的轴突及髓鞘部分崩解，密度降低，无再生轴突形成。实验组术后4周电镜下偶见移植处坐骨神经髓鞘及轴突形成，术后8周光镜及电镜下可见较多细的有髓神经纤维，22周时接近正常；同时观察到左后肢坐骨神经再生；大鼠后肢功能部分恢复，肌力达3级。结论：大鼠脊髓损伤后有再生能力，周围神经移植修复脊髓损伤是可行的。     

胸腰椎骨折与脊髓损伤的国内治疗进展

胸腰椎骨折与脊髓损伤的国内治疗进展安徽省无为县人民医院（２３８３００）方小飞随着ＣＴ的广泛应用，脊柱三维学说的建立，对脊拄骨折与脱位易合并脊髓、马尾神经损伤的治疗有了较大进展。本文就近年来国内对胸腰椎骨折及脊髓损伤的治疗现状作一简述。１．胸腰椎骨折的...     

中药内服治疗早中期脊柱脊髓损伤

１９９０年～１９９５年，我院用中药治疗脊柱脊髓损伤１８６０例，疗效满意，报道如下．临床资料本组１８６０例中男１２５０例，女６１０例；年龄８～６５岁；颈椎损伤３４０例，胸、腰椎损伤１３４５例，骶尾椎损伤１７５例；其中脊髓完全性损伤３９５例，脊髓不完全性损伤７５０例，单纯性脊柱损伤７１５例；以下颈椎和胸腰段脊椎屈曲型损伤最多，多在一周内住院施治。治疗方法１．综合治疗：凡颈椎、颈髓损伤均按危重病人处理，以非手术治疗为主，严格制动，根据病情行颅骨牵引或枕颌带牵引。对胸、腰部脊椎脊髓损伤按亚急诊处理。对脊…     

胸腰椎骨折椎管狭窄与神经功能的关系

对106例连续性胸腰椎爆裂骨折进行回顾性研究,探讨椎管狭窄与神经功能的关系。按自行设计的改良Frankel法将神经功能分六级,将椎管分脊髓圆锥段和马尾神经段,用直线回归相关法分析椎管狭窄与神经损伤程度之间的关系,用等级相关法分析椎管狭窄与发生神经损伤可能性之间的关系。结果表明:无论在脊髓圆锥段或马尾神经段,椎管狭窄与神经损伤程度、损伤可能性之间均存在相关性(r或r_s=0.38～0.90,P<0.05),且脊髓圆锥段的相关程度较高;相同程度椎骨狭窄致神经危害性在脊髓圆锥段较大。发生神经损伤的最小椎管狭窄在脊髓圆锥段为38％,在马尾神经段为63％(?)认为胸腰椎骨折椎管狭窄是神经损伤的主要因素,X-CT扫描可较好地预测神经损伤程度和损伤可能性。     

Conus perimedullary arteriovenous fistula with multiple shunt points including the cauda equina: a case report

Perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is usually located on the surface of the spinal cord and is fed by the anterior spinal artery and/or the posterior spinal artery. We report a rare case of Conus perimedullary AVF with multiple shunt points including the cauda equina. A 68-year-old man presented with leg pain when walking long distances. Magnetic resonance imaging at the thoracic and lumbar level revealed multiple signal voids with marked cord signal change. Angiography showed the perimedullary AVF fed by the anterior spinal artery from the right T9 intercostal artery at the level of the conus medullaris and the fistula fed by the left lateral sacral artery from the left internal iliac artery at the level of the cauda equina. In the first surgery, we performed surgical interruption of feeding arteries from the filum terminale and coagulated AV shunt of the conus medullaris. However residual perimedullary AVF was found at the conus medullaris in the postoperative angiography. Secondary surgery was carried out to treat residual AVF. Follow-up angiography showed complete disappearance of all AVFs. Postoperatively, the patient`s symptoms were improved. Because the Conus perimedullary AVF has the characteristics of multiple feeding arteies, multiple shunt points, and complex venous drainage, it must be kept in mind that other fistula could exist in the cauda equina or filum terminale.     

A case of traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematoma causing compression of the cauda equina]

A case of traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematoma causing compression of the cauda equina is reported here. The patient, a 76 year-old woman, who had fallen down by accident 1 month before, was admitted to our hospital presenting lumbar pain radiating into her right thigh, monoplegia of the right leg and urinary incontinence. Myelography and metrizamide CT demonstrated a filling defect mimicking intradural extramedullary tumor at the level of L1 and L2. Magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) revealed a subacute or chronic hematoma compressing the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. Operation was performed and an old hematoma, which occupied most of the spinal subarachnoid space and compressed the conus and cauda equina from right to left, was removed. No definite bleeding point was detected and no traumatic change was seen on the cord. Neither tumor nor abnormal vessel was detected. After surgery, the symptoms improved partially. On a review of the literature, we found only 4 cases of traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematoma, all of which occupied the cervical or thoracic portion of the spine. Our case is the first report, except for the cases following lumbar spinal tap, of traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematoma causing compression of the cauda equina. Though usually blood in CSF diffuses immediately, a clot may be formed when a large amount of bleeding obstructs the spinal canal. In our case, furthermore, deformity and narrowing of the spinal canal had preceded for many years, following lumbar vertebral compressed fracture related with osteoporosis. This might have promoted the process of canal obstruction and clot formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Histological differences between rootlets sectioned during selective posterior rhizotomy by two surgical techniques

During selective posterior rhizotomy, for the treatment of spasticity in infantile cerebral palsy, the rootlets to be divided are chosen by the type of electromyographic response elicited by intraoperative electrical stimulation. Two different surgical techniques were used for exposing the lumbar roots. The first approach was to expose the conus medullaris through a T 12-L 1 laminectomy, while the other approach to the dorsal roots was distally in the cauda equina through a L 2-L 3 to S1 laminectomy. Although the clinical results obtained with either of them are not very different, there is anatomical evidence that suggests that the histological structure of the divided rootlets may be different in the two techniques. We designed our study to determine of a significant difference in the number of large myelinated fibers was found between rootlets divided close to the conus medullaris and those divided distally in the cauda equina. Two groups of five children with spasticity secondary to cerebral palsy where randomly designed to be operated upon by one of the techniques. The divided rootlets were processed with standard histological techniques and the large myelinated fibers were counted on enlarged (40 x) photomicrograph of the rootlet. A significantly (p less than 0.001) larger number of large myelinated axons was found in the rootlets dissected and divided close to the conus medullaris.     

Detrusor function with lesions of the conus medullaris.

Conventional urodynamic evaluation is unable to distinguish between a pure conus lesion and one with concomitant cauda equina involvement. Lumbosacral evoked potentials to tibial nerve stimulation assesses the sensory root and dorsal horn interneurons of the L5 to S2 spinal cord segments. This allows for the diagnosis of a pure lesion of the conus medullaris with preservation of the sensory root response (R wave) with absence of the dorsal horn gray matter response (S wave). Urodynamic evaluation in 5 patients with a conus lesion showed a variety of detrusor responses ranging from hyperreflexia through areflexia with decreased compliance to areflexia with normal compliance. The ability to diagnose a pure conus lesion may have prognostic significance as newer modalities of treatment emerge, all of which require intact gray matter of the spinal cord.     

MRI study of the position of the conus medullaris in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis

Substantial data exist from cadaveric and magnetic resonance imaging studies regarding the position of the conus medullaris in normally developed adults. However, no large studies have documented the position of the conus medullaris in patients with diagnosed lumbar spinal stenosis. To goal of the current study was to determine the position of the conus medullaris within a living adult population with existing pathology of lumbar spinal stenosis. In a retrospective study, 234 patients (110 women and 124 men; mean age, 48.8 years) with diagnosed lumbar spinal stenosis had their T2-weighted, midline, sagittal, spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging studies compared to assess and confirm the position of the conus medullaris. A straight line perpendicular to the long axis of the spinal cord in the median sagittal sequence was subtended to the adjacent vertebra or disk space, and the position was defined in relation to the vertebra or disk space. The conus medullaris position was labeled in relation to the upper, middle, and lower segments of the adjacent vertebral body or the adjacent disk space and assigned numerical values from 1 to 12. The position of the conus medullaris in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis followed a normal distribution. The mean conus medullaris position was mainly within the lower third of the L1 vertebral body (ranged from the middle third of T12 to the upper third of L3). No significant differences existed between men and women with lumbar spinal stenosis. The conus medullaris position was found to be unaffected by the pathology of lumbar spinal stenosis.     

Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage during myelography. Case report

Neoplasms of the conus medullaris and cauda equina have been shown to cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In such instances, the hemorrhage has been the presenting symptom. A patient with a neurofibrom at T12-L1 experienced spinal SAH during myelography for suspected lumbar disc disease. The roentgenograms showing the lesion itself first and the subarachnoid clot subsequently may be unique. The cause of hemorrhage in this patient may have been the shearing of bridging capsular veins because of diminished cerebrospinal fluid pressure below the almost obstructing lesion.     

Influence of age and sex on the position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line in adults

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line in the same patient population, to correlate this position with age and sex, and to determine an objective guide for the selection of a safe intervertebral space during spinal block. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the lumbar spine were reviewed in 690 consecutive patients. The study population consisted of patients older than 20 yr who had been referred for imaging to assess possible causes of low back pain. The position of the conus medullaris was defined as the most distal point of the cord that could be visualized on the sagittal sequence. A line perpendicular to the long axis of the cord was extended to the adjacent vertebra. In the lumbar plain films, the Tuffier's line was defined by drawing a horizontal line across the highest points of the iliac crests. Each vertebral body and intervertebral space was divided into four segments: upper, middle, and lower thirds of a vertebral body, and the intervertebral space. Each segment of a vertebral body or intervertebral space that the lines crossed was identified and recorded. The positions, stratified by decade of age, were compared using analysis of variance. The Tukey test was used for post hoc comparisons. Comparisons between sex were performed with the unpaired t test. RESULTS: The conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (median [range]) were positioned at L1-lower (T12-upper-L3-upper) and L4L5 (L3L4-L5S1), respectively. The distance between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (mean +/- SD [range]) was 12.6 +/- 1.9 [7-18] segments, which corresponded to the height of approximately three vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces. In no case did Tuffier's line overlap with the conus medullaris. The distance in segments between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was shorter with increased age (P < 0.001). The position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was lower in female patients than in male patients (P < 0.001) and higher in patients with sacralization than in those with lumbarization or without transitional vertebra (P < 0.001). The in-between distances were not significantly different regardless of sex or presence of transitional vertebra. CONCLUSIONS: During spinal block, there seems to be a safety margin of 2-4 vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line, which is consistent regardless of sex or presence of transitional vertebra. However, because the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line become closer with age and the clinical use of Tuffier's line requires palpation through subcutaneous fat, caution must be exercised regarding selection of the intervertebral space, especially in the aged and obese population.     

急性重度犬马尾压迫模型诱导脑源性神经营养因子的合成

目的研究实验性犬急性重度马尾神经压迫48h的相关脊髓和背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)内脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)蛋白表达水平。方法成年雄性杂种犬(n=8),随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组(n=4)行多重马尾压缢,其中第1根束缢线使整个马尾束缢了50%~75%,另3根束缢线使马尾束缢了25%~50%。对照组(n=4)仅行马尾暴露而未行马尾束缢。于术后48h取相应脊髓及DRG行HE染色、BDNF的免疫组织化学分析。结果多重马尾束缢后48h可在相应下腰骶髓和DRG神经元群体内诱导出显著的BDNF增量调节;而脊髓、DRG和神经纤维内相关结构亦见BDNF阳性表达。结论多重马尾束缢犬模型形成急性重度马尾综合征(cauda equine syndrome,CES)时,BDNF可能有神经保护作用和炎性痛、神经痛的作用。     

Influence of Age and Sex on the Position of the Conus Medullaris and Tuffier's Line in Adults

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line in the same patient population, to correlate this position with age and sex, and to determine an objective guide for the selection of a safe intervertebral space during spinal block.

Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the lumbar spine were reviewed in 690 consecutive patients. The study population consisted of patients older than 20 yr who had been referred for imaging to assess possible causes of low back pain. The position of the conus medullaris was defined as the most distal point of the cord that could be visualized on the sagittal sequence. A line perpendicular to the long axis of the cord was extended to the adjacent vertebra. In the lumbar plain films, the Tuffier's line was defined by drawing a horizontal line across the highest points of the iliac crests. Each vertebral body and intervertebral space was divided into four segments: upper, middle, and lower thirds of a vertebral body, and the intervertebral space. Each segment of a vertebral body or intervertebral space that the lines crossed was identified and recorded. The positions, stratified by decade of age, were compared using analysis of variance. The Tukey test was used for post hoc comparisons. Comparisons between sex were performed with the unpaired t test.

Results: The conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (median [range]) were positioned at L1-lower (T12-upper-L3-upper) and L4L5 (L3L4-L5S1), respectively. The distance between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line (mean +/- SD [range]) was 12.6 +/- 1.9 [7-18] segments, which corresponded to the height of approximately three vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces. In no case did Tuffier's line overlap with the conus medullaris. The distance in segments between the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was shorter with increased age (P < 0.001). The position of the conus medullaris and Tuffier's line was lower in female patients than in male patients (P < 0.001) and higher in patients with sacralization than in those with lumbarization or without transitional vertebra (P < 0.001). The in-between distances were not significantly different regardless of sex or presence of transitional vertebra.